ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) - Essay Example The dial-up technology was predominantly used in the 70s and 80s, until other more advanced technologies sprouted to replace the pioneer technology in social networking. The social media is mainly used to relate to an internet site that facilitates people to interact in sharing ideas and information. Such has to include sharing of photos, music, videos among other contents that enhance interaction between groups of people (Kimball and Rheingold 3). The first online communication inform of an email was sent in 1971, by the 1970s, technology had significantly improved to facilitate more networking and in 1979, the first newsletter that allowed users to communicate virtually was launched. In the 1980s, future developments gave rise to an increased use of home computers with social media growing by day to become more complex. This gave rise to the more robust Internet Relay charts, IRCs, which were first used in 1988 extending way into the 90s. However, the first site that resembled the current networking sites was used for the first time in 1997 under the name Six Degrees (Goble). For the first time, users were able to upload their profiles and request for friendships from other users. The first blogging site that created the frenzy that exists today was launched in 1999; the blog site gave way to the current social networking. The creation of the blog gave rise to renowned sites such as MySpace and LinkedIn, which gained much popularity in the 2000s, with Flickr and photo bucket facilitating users to share photos online. It was not until 2005 that YouTube revolutionized the social media and crated a much better and new way that facilitated social networking. By the end of 2006, Facebook and Twitter were unveiled across the globe opening a new chapter in social networking, as it exists today. In addition, some sites dedicated to particular niches such as Spotify, Tumblr and Pinterest sprouted around this time (complete history attached at the appendix). The growth of social media sites has taken the globe with a storm with the corporate world taking advantage of the huge traffic in social sites to market their services and interact with potential customers. Business has since shifted from boardrooms to new virtual rooms with advertising through ‘Word Of Mouth’, turning to advertising through ‘Word Of Mouse.’ Consequently, the use of these social networking sites has varied impacts on organizations and enterprises from different fronts. This article delves deep into the social networking sites and the ways in which they have affected organizations today. Relationship building One way in which social networks have greatly influenced business activities is in relationship building. Relationship building involves the ability of an organization to meet a wide range of internal and external customers, establishing strong bonds with such customers in encouraging them to do business with the organization. A study on the use of social networks by nonprofit organizations observed that social networking has played a critical role in simplifying interfaces and facilitating a simpler exchange method of dispersing information (Branston & Bush 2). Moreover, a study by Waters (63) noted that most organizations use social networks for

ASIC v Adler Essay Example for Free

ASIC v Adler Essay The case of ASIC v Adler is very unique as well as complicated since it involved several breach of duties in the Corporations Act 2001. The HIH collapse was caused by very bad corporate governance. Such breach of duties are, section 9 (director’s duties), section 180 (duty to act with care and diligence), section 181 (duty to act in good faith and for a proper purpose), section 182 (improper use of position), section 182(2) (business judgement rule), section 183 (duty not to improperly use information) and section 260A (financial assistance). All of these contraventions under the Corporations Act 2001 will be discussed in detail below. Section 9 – Who Is A Director And Their Duties Under section 9, a director of a company is defined as a person who is appointed to that position such as a director or alternate director, regardless of what name it is given to that position. Section 9 also includes certain people to be directors even though they are not properly appointed. Such people can act as a director even though without proper appointment of director position. This is where they act in the position of a director (which can be also known as de facto director) or the directors are used to act in accordance with the person’s instructions (which also known as a â€Å"shadow director†). Directors’ duties need to be existed in order to protect shareholders from the risks of directors giving harm towards the company. Shareholders basically have risks such as fraud, where the directors took control over the assets belonging to the company by using it for their personal interest, and mismanagement, whereby directors made an incompetent decision with the financial standing of the company. Furthermore, section 9 also defines the â€Å"officer of a corporation†, which basically includes company executives who held senior positions in the board  level. Such persons can be identified in certain situations where that person (the executives) makes or joins participation into making decisions in which affects the whole or substantial part of the company’s business activities or, the person who has the authority to affect in a significant way towards the company’s financial standings or, basically the same definition of a â€Å"shadow director† where the person are acting towards the instructions given to them to act. In the case of ASIC v Adler, the court held that Adler, the director of HIH, was also an officer of wholly-owned HIH subsidiary which can be related under the section 9 definition of directors. This applies to Adler even though he was not properly appointed as a director or an officer of the subsidiary. Since he has the role of director, the subsidiary holding company and also a member of HIH investment committee, this has showed that he participated in the decision making of the company’s business in which affected it the whole or substantial part of the business. As Santow J gave his judgement on this case, he gave a good summary of principles applicable to directors’ duties. Some of it are; a director must continuously kept informed of the activities of the company, they must be familiar with the fundamentals of the business whereby the company is doing. Section 180 – Duty To Act With Care And Diligence In the section 180(1), it provides that a director or other officer of a company need to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with a standard of care and diligence in which a reasonable person will do if they were the director or officer of a company due to company’s circumstances (section 180(1)(a)) and occupied the office and had the same responsibilities in the company as the director or officer (section 180(1)(b)). Executive directors are full time employees of the company who involved in the day-to-day management of the company. They have special responsibilities with their position and have a high knowledge of daily operations of the company. Non-executive directors, on the other hand, do part-time and have regular involvements in the company. In the case of ASIC v Adler, Williams who was the managing director for HIH and HIHC as well, contravened section 180(1) as he failed to ensure there were proper safeguard before HIHC gave the loan to PEE. Fodera, who was the finance director of HIH, contravened section 180 as he failed to discuss a proposal to give $10 million loan to PEE to the HIH board or its investment committee. As the executive directors of the company, both Fodera and Williams failed to carry out their role properly without informing the HIH board of their intention. Section 180 (2) – The Business Judgement Rule In the section of 180(2), the section provides that a director or any other officer who makes a business judgement rule, will not be held liable in respect of the judgement under the statutory, common law or equitable duties of care and diligence, in which all of the elements can be shown. Such elements are, the judgement was properly made in good faith and for proper purpose, there was not material personal interest in the subject as of the matter of the judgement, the directors and the officers informed themselves about the subject matter of the judgement to the extent they appropriately believed to be reasonable and also the judgement was believed to be in rational in the best interest of the whole company. All of these would be reasonably justified unless any other person in such position thinks that it is completely unreasonable. The business judgement rule basically gives the directors with a â€Å"safe protection† from a personal liability in the relation of the business judgements that they take are valid which is in a good faith and in the best interest of the company. This is because some of their business decisions may turn out to be profit-making or a total loss in honest and rational way. Some of the main reasons for the business judgement rule defences are risk taking and activities in entrepreneurial activities will be encouraged since directors are aware of the specific legislation that if they act honestly,  they will not be punished or personally liable as a result of adverse judicial review. Another rule defence is that better business judgement will be made as a result of removing of some uncertainty of liability under the statutory duty of care and finally, the shareholders interest are better provided by engaging risk taking activities. To make directors be liable for such small erro rs of decision will promote risk-adverse decision-making with contrast effect on the economy. If the directors or other officers are able to satisfy the above requirements, they will have â€Å"safe protection† which makes them to be protected from liability for any breach of their duties of care and diligence. This means that their business judgement in such situations will be reviewed by court. Under section 180(3), the business judgement is defined that any decisions to take or not to take action with respect to matter that is relevant to business activities of the company. This only refers to business decisions that has made relevant to the business activities. It does not include any decisions made in the position of directors powers such as the power to issue shares or pay dividends. By referring to the case ASIC v Adler, the court held that all three Adler, Williams and Fodera breached their statutory duty of care as stated in section 180(1). They also, however could not rely on the business judgement rule as their defence. Firstly for Adler, the business judgement rule did not applicable for him since he cannot satisfy the section 180(2)(b) since he had a conflict of interest in the relation of his decision to invest the $10 million payment from HIHC in PEE. Secondly for Williams, the business judgement rule did not apply to him because of his failed to ensure the correct safeguards were enforced was not business judgement for the purpose in section 180(3). However, even this was a business judgement, since he was a major shareholder of HIH, he basically has material personal interest as in the section 180(2)(b). Other than that, Williams also failed to present any evidence that his judgement was done in good faith for the proper purpose as stated in section 18 0(2)(a). Finally, Fodera cannot rely on his business judgement rule as he failed to refer the transaction of PEE to the HIH board or its investment committee. This was not a business judgement as  stated in section 180(3). Section 181 – Statutory Duty To Act In Good Faith And For A Proper Purpose Under section 181(1), it says that a director or other officer of a corporation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties in bona fide (good faith) for the best interest of the company and also for a proper purpose. The section 181(1) can be contravened if the director thinks that they are actually doing their duties for the best interest of the company in which any other director, in that situation, thinks that is clearly unacceptable approach to do it. This may be happen when a director have a conflict of interest personally with the interest of the company they are handling. In the case of ASIC v Adler, it can clearly be seen that Adler, had contravened the section 181(1) to act in good faith by properly excising his powers and discharging his duties for the best interest of the company. This is because, the transactions that occurred in the HIH, HIHC and PEE had been improperly used, for the sake of his personal interest. Section 182 – Improper Use Of Position Under section 182, the section states that it restricts officers or the employees of a company from improperly using their power to gain advantage for themselves or for any other persons to the company. In the case of ASIC v Adler, the court held that Adler had contravened the section 182 due to the arrangement of $10 million loan from HIHC to PEE which was then to be used to acquire HIH shares on the stock market. This transaction was merely done for the purpose of supporting the HIH shares to increase the price and thereby selling the HIH shares owned by Adler Corporation before PEE could sell off their HIH shares. Because of this transaction, PEE had incurred a total loss of investment by reselling on the HIH shares. In regard of this transaction, Adler was held that he had improperly used his position as a director of HIH, officer of HIHC and director of PEE to gain advantage for the Adler Corporation. The court also held that Williams, also had breached his duties as a director for both HIH and HIHC under section 182, to help gaining advantage for Adler Corporation. This is because Williams, used his position improperly by authorising the $10 million load payment without proper approval from the HIH’s investment committee, which he was required to disclose under the HIH’s investment guidelines. Other than that, the court also held that Adler improperly used his position as a director in the PEE transactions of acquiring a number of unlisted capitals at the cost price from Adler Corporation without obtaining independent valuations of these ventures. With these transactions successful, Adler and Adler Corporation was able to exclude himself from these commercially unviable business operations. Adler basically knew that each of those businesses were having major cash flow problems and each had a significant risk that they would ultimately collapse. Adler, however, failed to disclose his personal interest to the HIH board other than Williams and Fodera. Section 183 – Improper Use of Information As stated in section 183, a person who gets information because they are or are not director, officer or employee of a company, must not misuse the information just to gain advantage for themselves or to any other person whereby causing failure in the company. Section 183 also applies towards resigned or retired directors, officers and employees as well. Informations such as insider information can be taken as an advantage by any person in order to gain benefit by using it to themselves or by giving to other person. In the case of ASIC v Vizard, the court held that Vizard involved in the contravention of section 183, whereby he gained the insider information as he was the non-executive director of Telstra. He misused the information in order to gain advantage for CTI, Brigham and himself as well whereby based on the information that he receives (Telstra board’s decision to acquire  other company and selling their interest on another company), he would act accordingly to buy or sell off his shares ahead of Telstra. S260A – Financial Assistance In section 260A, the section states that it forbids a company financially assisting a person to obtain or acquire shares in the same company of its holding company. However, if some of the conditions are met then the company may proceed to do such transaction. Some of the conditions are, giving the financial assistance will not materially prejudice the interest of the company, its shareholders or the company’s ability to pay its creditors (under section 260A(1)(a)), the financial assistance is validated by the shareholders (under section 260B) or the financial assistance is relieved or exempted (under section 260C). Financial assistance is can be basically referred to where a company is lending money to a person to buy the company shares. This means that the company gives a certain amount of money to a person so that the person buys some of the company’s shares. Another example is where a company gives a surety or guaranteed a person’s loan in which the sum of the loan will be proceeded to buy shares in the company. The company is basically providing a loan to a person for the sake of buying back its own shares off the stock market. Another example is where the company is giving its own assets as a security to a person’s loan in which the loan money will be used to buy the shares of the company given its assets as security. The section 260A clearly states that a company is restricted from giving financial assistance to a person to buy its own shares in the stock market as it will cause material prejudice. By analysing the case of ASIC V Adler, it can be seen that Adler, who was controlling PEE, was clearly contravened the section of 260A by which giving financial assistance to PEE through HIHC, a subsdiary of HIH, which is also a company controlled by Adler. This financial assistance given to PEE, was then used to buy the HIH shares on the stock market. This transaction gives a false impression over the stock market as well as its investors that Adler was supporting the falling share  price of its company, HIH, by buying the shares personally. However, the court found out that Adler does not have the intention to make easy profit and reselling the HIH shares. The real purpose was to increase the HIH share price in benefit of Alder Corporation Limited as substantial shareholding in HIH. The actual evidence is that when PEE went to sell off the HIH shares, it was done only after Adler Corporation decided to sell off its HIH shares in which leads to total loss for PEE’s investment. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that the main intention of the transaction was that HIHC gave PEE financial assistance in order to acquire the shares in HIH which is HIHC’s holding company. Due to this transaction, according to Santow J, both HIHC and HIH suffered material prejudice, which therefore, contravening section 260A.

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymors Adaptation of Shakespeare

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymor's Adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus Roman coliseum . . . Formica kitchen Armored warrior . . . Armored tank Gregorian Chant . . . Hard Rock White toga . . . Metallic business suit Ancient Rome . . . Modern America At first glance, these categories appear entirely incompatible, unable to exist together. However, in Julie Taymor's adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, we find that they are compatible after all. With elaborate sets, stunning costumes, and a remarkable film score, Taymor blurs the boundaries that divide them and creates a world that accommodates both ancient Rome and modern America. The film soundtrack was an important element in creating the juxtaposed world that Taymor desired. Taymor selected Elliot Goldenfall, a veteran composer for the stage and screen whom she had known for twenty years, to head the scoring. Their long association served them well in this endeavor - the final film score was both stunning and effective in combining ancient and modern musical elements. Goldenfall manipulated four main musical styles to score the film (symphonic, jazz, hard rock, and aria), and each style represented particular emotions. The opening scene in the coliseum is a particularly potent display of Taymor and Goldenfall's artistic creativity. Warriors covered in gray armor, stoic faces smeared with a bluish-gray paste, march resolutely into the coliseum. As they move into formation, Goldenfall uses the powerful sounds of symphonic music to instill a feeling of triumph. Horns blare victoriously. Footsteps are marched in a steady andante, matched with heavy drums. A strong male chorus joins the music, the singing reminiscent of modal G... ...us, and various dignitaries enter the dining room, Goldenfall inserts a muted Italian aria, like one heard in a fine Italian restaurant. Considering the nature of the scene and the audience's knowledge of what is to be served, the aria serves to increase audience disgust. And as the beautiful music wafts through the background of the scene and Tamora eats the flesh of her own sons, the revulsion is intensified. It is almost a relief when the scene erupts into violence. It is not an easy task to fuse modern society with that of ancient Rome. However, under Taymor's direction the sets, costumes, and film score accomplish just that. In particular, by combining modern and archaic music styles, Goldenfall successfully augments the effects Taymor strives for. The result is a high-powered film that takes Shakespeare's classic to levels it has not previously been taken.

Application Form Template (Sainsburys)

|Application Form | |THE INFORMATION YOU SUPPLY ON THIS FORM WILL BE TREATED IN CONFIDENCE. | |Please note that the closing date for this job vacancy is Monday 30th April 2013. apply for this post please accompany this | |application form with your curriculum vitae and a cover letter. | |We will require you to be available on 1st May 2013 for interviews. | |Section 1 Personal details | Title: | |Last Name: | | |First Names: | | |Address: | | | | | | | | Postcode: | | | | |Home Telephone Number: | | |Mobile Telephone Number: | | |E-mail address: | | |Are you eligible to work in the UK? Yes | |No | | |Do you hold a full UK driving licence? |Yes | |No | | | | |If yes, Do you have any points or convictions etc? : | | | | | | |Section 2 Rehabilitation of Offenders Act | |Have you ever been convicted of a criminal offence? |Yes | |No | | |Have you any prosecutions pending? |Yes | |No | | If yes, please give details / dates of offence(s) and sentence: | | | |Section 3 Health | |Nu mber of days absent in the last 2 years: | | |Please state number of times in the last 2 years: | | | |Are you registered disabled? |YES No | |If yes please provide your disability number and details: | | | | | |Section 4 Education | Date From |Date To |Name of School |Examinations taken and Qualifications Gained (Specify Grades) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Section 5 Employment Record |Please list chronologically, starting with current or last employer |Name and Address of Employer |Date From: |Date To: |Job Title/Job Function/ Responsibilities: |Salary and Reason for | | | | | |Leaving | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Section 6 References | Please give the names and addresses of your two most recent employers (if applicable). If you are unable to do this, please clearly outline who your referees are. | |(NB. References will only be taken if you commence employment with us) | |Reference 1 | |Reference 2 | |Name: | |Name: | | Their Position (job | |Their Position (job title): | | |title): | | | | |Work Relationship: | |Work Relationship: | | |Organisation: | |Organisation: | | |Dates Employed: |From: |To: |Dates Employed: |From: |To: | Address: | |Address: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Postcode | |Postcode | | |Telephone No: | |Telephone No: | | |E-mail: | |E-mail: | | Section 7 Declaration | | | |I confirm that the information provided in this application and within my Curriculum Vitae is both truthful and accurate. I have omitted no facts that could affect | |my employment. I u nderstand that any false misleading statements could place any subsequent employment in jeopardy. I understand that any employment entered into is| |subject to documentary evidence of my right to work in the UK and satisfactory references. I expressly consent to personal data contained within this form being | |recorded for the purposes of assessing suitability for the post and may form the basis of any subsequent personnel file. | |Signed: | |Date: | | | | | |White Rose undertakes that it will treat any personal information that you provide to us, or that we obtain from you, in accordance with the requirements of the | |Data Protection Act 1998. After initial assessment, White Rose may keep your details on file pending suitable opportunities that may arise in the future. Please | |tick if you do not wish us to hold your details. | |Section 8 Recruitment Monitoring Form | | | |This sheet will be separated from your application form upon receipt and does not form part of the selec tion process.It will be retained by the Human Resources | |purely for monitoring purposes. | |Application for the post of: | | |To help us ensure that our Equal Opportunities Policy is fully and fairly implemented please COMPLETE THIS SECTION OF THE APPLICATION FORM. | |What is your Ethnic Group? | |Choose ONE section from A to E, and then tick the appropriate box to indicate your cultural background. | |A. White | |D. Black or Black British | | |White UK | |Black Caribbean | |Irish | |Black African | | |White non-UK | |Any other Black background | | | | |(please give details): | | |Any other White background | | | | |(please give details): | | | | | | |B. Mixed | |E.Chinese or other ethnic group | | |White & Black Caribbean | |Chinese | | |White & Black African | |Vietnamese | | |White & Asian | |Any other ethnic background | | | | |(please give details): | | |Any other Mixed background | | | | |(please give details): | | | | | | |C. Asian or Asian British | | I do not w ish to provide this | | | | |information | | |Indian | | |Pakistani | | |Bangladeshi | |Any other Asian background | | |(please give details): | | | | |Section 8 Recruitment Monitoring Form continued | |Gender | |Male | |Female | | |Disability | |Disability is defined as â€Å"physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal day to day | |activities†. | |Do you consider yourself disabled? |Yes | |No | | If yes, please give details: | | | |Age Group | |16-25 | |26-35 | |36-45 | | |46-55 | |56-65 | |66-70 | | |Over 70 | | |Media | |Please state where you saw this post advertised | | |

Social Media: Positive or Negative?

Social Media: Positive or Negative? By: Michele Dean Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and You Tube have become the fashionable way of communicating with the masses. It seems that you are not somebody until everybody knows about you. Actors, athletes and reality television stars use social media to connect with fans. As society becomes more interested in gossip, social media will become more popular. But, is this a positive step forward or could this fascination have negative consequences? A couple of years ago a Bulgarian diplomat was fired from his job for playing FarmVille on Facebook during budget meetings.Dimitar Kerin had been warned about playing the game while at work but he failed to pay heed to his superiors. When he was let go from his position, Dimitar stated that he wasn’t the only member of the committee to play the game. Dimitar pointed out that he was only level 40 whereas other committee members were level 46. (Bosker, 2010) In 2009 an employee of the Philadelphia Eagles Football Team was fired because of a post he placed on his Facebook page. The employee, Dan Leone, was upset that the team traded a player he liked. Dan decided to take to his Facebook page and let his friends know how he felt.He used a curse word and called his employers retarded. A short time later, Dan decided that his post was not professional and he deleted it. But, it was too late. Someone from the office had seen the post. Dan was fired a few days later. He had worked for the company for six years and never had any issues. He apologized profusely but the words fell on deaf ears. (ESPN News Services, 2009) Aside from employers tracking your use of social networking while on the clock, they are starting to use these sites to assist in the selection of new employees.In January of 2012 the job search website Career Builder hired Harris Interactive to find out how many companies searched social networking sites for information on prospective employees. The study found that 37% of the companies polled currently looked at the social media pages of applicants while another 11% stated that they would be starting that practice soon. The companies polled stated that they looked mainly for references to substance abuse, posts of inappropriate pictures, bad grammar and negative comments about former employers.One third of the companies polled admitted that they had passed on hiring someone based on what information they’d found. (Richard, 2012) So, what does this mean for those of us seeking employment in a future where nearly fifty percent of the employers we give our resumes to will be scouring Facebook, Twitter and You Tube for dirt on us? It means that privacy is of the utmost importance. Make sure that the information you share is only available to your friends. Be sure to update your privacy settings on a regular basis.Let your friends know what is acceptable to post about you and what isn’t. Remember, they can snap a picture of you and po st it on their own accounts. Basically, you should look at anything and everything that you do or say on any social network and assume that you are shouting it to the entire world. Eventually, someone important will see that information. So be careful. The Internet is not as anonymous as it used to be. References Bosker, B. (2010, May 30). Politician Dimitar Kerin Fired For Playing Farmville On The Job.Retrieved November 24, 2012, from The Huffington Post: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2010/03/30/dimitar-kerin-fired-over-_n_518635. html ESPN News Services. (2009, March 9). Facebook post gets worker firec. Retrieved November 24, 2012, from ESPN. com: http://sports. espn. go. com/nfl/news/story? id=3965039 Richard, J. (2012, April 20). 37 Percent Of Employers Use Facebook To Pre-Screen Applicants, New Study Says. Retrieved November 24, 2012, from The Huffington Post: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/04/20/employers-use-facebook-to-pre-screen-applicants_n_1441289. html

Using Más in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun

Using Ms in Spanish as an Adverb, Noun, or Pronoun Ms is the word most commonly used in Spanish as the equivalent of more and sometimes most. It typically functions as an adverb but sometimes as an adjective or pronoun. Here is a guide to its usage: Using Ms to Mean ‘More’ or ‘Most’ In its most simple use, ms can come before an adjective or adverb to mean more or most, depending on the context. In the same way, ms is often the equivalent of the English suffix -er or -est.  ¿Cul es el idioma ms fcil para aprender? (What is the easiest language to learn?)Es ms difà ­cil vivir en el à ©xito. (It is more difficult to live with success.) ¿Si me baà ±o en cloro serà © ms blanco? (If I bathe in chlorine, will I be whiter?)La propulsià ³n warp de Star Trek se usa para viajar ms rpido que la luz. (Star Treks warp propulsion is used to travel faster than light.)El monte Fujiyama es conocido como la ms hermosa montaà ±a en la Tierra. (Mount Fujiyama is known as the most beautiful mountain on Earth.) When it comes before a noun, ms can function as a masculine or feminine adjective and also be translated as more. Its use as an adjective to mean most is possible but uncommon. Hay ms felicidad en dar que en recibir. (There is more happiness in giving than in receiving.)Puedes enviar una invitacià ³n por correo electrà ³nico a dos o ms personas a la vez. (You can send an invitation by email to two or more people at a time.) ¿Causa la contaminacià ³n del aire ms muertes extra al aà ±o que el tabaco? (Does air pollution cause more additional deaths each year than tobacco?) Ms can also function as a pronoun in the same way where it substitutes for ms noun: Tengo ms que tà º. (I have more than you.)Compramos ms cuando tenemos hambre. (We are buying more when we are hungry.)Lo ms que puedes lograr es ser nà ºmero dos. (The most you can accomplish is to be number two.) Ms Que vs. Ms De The phrase more than is nearly always translated as ms de or ms que. However, the two phrases are used in different ways, arent interchangeable, and should not be confused with each other. Ms de is used with numbers and quantities: Las olas, de ms de siete metros de altura, hicieron estragos. (The waves, more than 7 meters high, created havoc.)Habà ­a ms de un mil espectadores. (There were more than 1,000 spectators.)Es importante beber ms de dos litros de agua al dà ­a. (It is important to drink more than two liters of water per day.) Ms que is used otherwise. As in the second example below, an adjective or adverb can come between the ms and the que. Hoy te amo ms que ayer. (I love you more today than yesterday.)La paz es ms difà ­cil que la guerra. (Peace is more difficult than war.)Somos mucho ms que amigos. (We are much more than friends.) Using Ms With Verbs Although ms is often translated as more when used as an adverb following a verb, often it is better to let the context suggest a different translation:  ¡No puedo vivir ms con mis padres! (I cant live any longer with my parents!)Pienso ms cuando no hay distracciones. (I think better when there arent any distractions.)Esta pilas recargables duran ms. (These rechargeable batteries last longer.) Using Ms in Arithmetic In mathematical formulas, ms is the equivalent of plus: Dos ms dos es igual a cuatro. (Two plus two equals four.)La suma de cero ms cualquier nà ºmero da dicho nà ºmero. (The sum of zero plus any number gives that number.) Ms vs. Mas Ms should not be confused with mas, even though the two words sound alike and come from the same origin. Mas is a preposition meaning but. You wont hear it used very often- mas has a mostly literary use and in real life the word choice for but is pero. Centuries ago, ms and mas started out as the same word, with the former eventually getting the accent because it would get the stress as its more and but meanings diverged. Key Takeaways Ms is usually used as an adverb to mean more or most.Ms can also be used as an adjective or pronoun meaning more.Ms and mas are not the same word; the latter is a literary word meaning but.

Réaliser - to Realize - French Verb Conjugations

Rà ©aliser - to Realize - French Verb Conjugations The  French verb  rà ©aliser means to achieve or fulfill or to realize. See the tables below for simple conjugations of  rà ©aliser. Conjugations for Rà ©aliser Present Future Imperfect Present participle je ralise raliserai ralisais ralisant tu ralises raliseras ralisais il ralise ralisera ralisait nous ralisons raliserons ralisions vous ralisez raliserez ralisiez ils ralisent raliseront ralisaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle ralis Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je ralise raliserais ralisai ralisasse tu ralises raliserais ralisas ralisasses il ralise raliserait ralisa ralist nous ralisions raliserions ralismes ralisassions vous ralisiez raliseriez ralistes ralisassiez ils ralisent raliseraient ralisrent ralisassent Imperative tu ralise nous ralisons vous ralisez Verb conjugation patternRà ©aliser  is a  regular -ER verb

Thesis Ideas

Thesis Ideas Thesis Ideas Thesis Ideas One of the best ways to learn about writing is to start write, to re-read and to edit your work in accordance to the required style and specified thesis format. Sometimes, a supervisor can seem to be a real pest in exhorting students to 'write it down'. But this is often the best advice. Start by writing your thesis ideas down, and ask yourself whether there is a logical flow of ideas in your writing. There is something about transferring knowledge or information from its mental repository or from some conceptual domain on to a page that tends to clarify thought and build coherence. We think a couple of basic tools are needed: an open mind; a dictionary; a thesaurus and/or style guide. If you possess these, you are in a good position to gather thesis ideas! Thesis Dissertation Writing Your writing will determine whether people understand what you have to say, and whether they agree with it and remember your conclusions. This brings us to the hard reality of who you are writing your thesis for. If you think huge hoards of fellow scholars are going to fall over themselves to borrow your thesis from a library - forget it! In reality, very few people will read your thesis, but many more will (you hope) read subsequent articles, chapters and/or even book derived from your thesis ideas. Your thesis will usually be read only by your supervisor and your examiners. The examiners, your most important audience, are also likely to read the thesis in a short period of time. Thesis Writing Consider this analogy: writing a chapter is like watching the news on television. You turn on the evening news, and what do they tell you? The answer is simple: they tell you the headlines, then they tell the news in detail, then they sum up the highlights. Formal academic writing is much the same: the entire thesis and each chapter should contain some form of introduction, a body and a conclusion. The main ideas or arguments should be captured within the introduction in order to focus the reader's attention on the main theme and motivate them to continue reading. The various sections comprising the body of your project should then continue in a logical format. The conclusion should summarize what has been written in the thesis, and link this summary with the original argument outlined in the introduction. There should always be a coherent, logical and consistent thread woven through each section, through each chapter and throughout the thesis. offers you an opportunity to order professional thesis writing assistance.   We will help you thesis ideas, writing, and editing. Do not miss this chance to ease your academic struggles!

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

English - Essay Example American foreign policy has transformed to one that shifted from the traditional conservatism, to a modern liberalism that takes a keen interest in world affairs. It is also vital to note that, as a global superpower, it would be questionable for the USA to take a back seat at what is happening on the global scene... Introduction United States of America has come a long way from dealing with internal issues to one that is now a global superpower. This power is in terms of its advancement in technology, political ideology, military, culture, and society in general. Any sober mind would observe that all these were advancement the US earned after a bitter struggle by scientists, technologists, men and women in uniform and every sector of the United States. Hard work, dedication, vision and the desire to be the very best were some of the values that laid the foundation for such impressive achievements (Brooks et al., 2003). Accordingly, such advancements accelerated the shift from an iso lationist foreign policy to the current global force that the federation has earned. The years immediately after the 1865 were probably the foundation years in which unfolding events of the world put the country’s military capability to test (Arthur et al., 2007). Pockets of war that ensued after the 1865 civil war were Japan conflicts, Colombia hostilities, Uruguay conflicts, Formosa conflicts, Nicaragua and China conflicts (Arthur et al., 2007). The US responded with military action, in many cases, to protect her interests in the conflicting countries. Such conflicts were particular of smaller magnitude given that a lot of military involvement later followed that redefined the strength of the US in newer terms. Most importantly, it appears that the engagement of wars that followed later were what actually defined the position of the US in the global map in as a military power and as a leading global ideologist. These wars were the First World War, the Second World War, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, Eastern Europe wars, the Gulf war and the Middle East wars. Entering all of these wars was a test for what the United States believed in in terms of right of nations to liberty, free determination of the masses, playing neutral in external aggressions and foreign policy of non-interference with European affair. Without knowing, such wars were silently laying the foundation for a change from Isolationist policy to a new one where the United States had to be worried about the forces that surrounded her in the larger volatile world. In essence, wars and political ideologies resulted in the transition from an isolationist foreign policy, in America, to one in which the nation is now a global superpower (Arthur et al., 2007). The United States embarked on this course staring with her involvement in the WWI after the Zimmerman telegram and German’s blatant disrespect to neutral shipping (Winkler, 2000). The Road to Global Superpower When the WWI broke out in 1914, the United States policy of non-interference with European affairs kept her at bay. The war began with factions such as the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance. Fought on Europe soil predominantly, the war saw Britain, France and Russia rise in arms against offensive from German, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The US

Personal and professinal dvelopment for business Essay

Personal and professinal dvelopment for business - Essay Example The lessons gained should be turned into handy tools to develop personality which proves to be very useful in later professional years. Many valid and reliable aspects of my personal and professional development so far will be discussed in the coming sections to analyze the extent to which I can be considered successful or trained so far. This reflective review basically aims at presenting an insightful, comprehensive, and enlightening analysis of my professional skills and practical experiences. Experiences of Education and Training (Last 2 Years) My college has played a critical role in helping me gain a variety of exquisite business experiences. Till now, I have remained engaged with many interesting group projects to analyze what it takes to beat resistance and go all the way through to achieve something. Such practical experiences have introduced me to new skills also which every student aspiring to be a great professional essentially depends on, like the ability to blend in a t eam leading to quality teamwork. Working with a good team while motivated by same goals as everyone else now forms a resolute feature of my personality given considerable experience I have gained in that area. Instead of letting myself get sidetracked by conflicts which so often mar the spirit of teamwork, I concentrate on looking beyond temporary troubles and try to steer people towards shared interests. This has enabled me to make abundant use of communication skills also because naturally people cannot be persuaded to contribute without smart talent talk (Srikantaiah & Koenig 2008: 144). My experiences have told me that the right attitude should be to engage others in my thought processes. I have always enthusiastically participated in every academic and non-academic activity which offered even a minimal opportunity of growth and expansion. It is usual for different reputable organizations in the world to be more attracted to employees who are innovative in their design and I abs olutely conform to this hiring approach by pushing boundaries and going further than most other people. Interactive skills I accrued through college experiences are also worth mentioning here because I was not as sociable in life as I am now after two years if college education. Development and Key Lessons Learned (Last 2 Years) On grounds of what I learned at college through incredible professors and student discussions and in practical life through student union engagements and internship, I am now familiar with a smarter way of organizing and applying certain ideas. These ideas relate to engaging people, showing them ways to contribute, achieving mutually shared goals, and keeping positive attitudes. I have learned that people who are not passionate in their personal life cannot be passionate about work either. A person’s innate dispositions matter a lot in professional career as in how satisfied/dissatisfied he/she will be with work and job etc. (Buchanan & Bryman 2009: 2 06). I have noticed during my time at college that personal stress has always affected my work performance resulting in dissatisfaction, while others appeared satisfied with the same nature of work. This made me learn how important it is to have positive attitude about life to excel professionally. Personality is developed by encouraging students to make huge investments in their field of interest through state-of-the-art

World War II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

World War II - Research Paper Example History has recorded and proved time and over again that such aggressive act of violence against any nation has resulted in changing the face of the earth and has produced profound effects on any involved country’s global and political standing. It is not the matter of who wins or loses the war because despite the fact, every nation gets affected by its negativity in one way or the other. Our world history has detailed accounts of many important wars which has changed the world map accordingly but two wars have always considered as of having greater affect globally and much violent that any other war. This essay compiles the details about World War II. It is an attempt to provide authentic research material for understanding what caused this war, how it was started and how it ended. If we look at it in a statistical manner then World War II started in 1939 and ended in 1945 but this essay is not about when it started. To have an in depth and comprehensive analysis of second wo rld war, we will have to look back a decade or more to understand the reasons for which a war of such a magnitude became unavoidable and inevitable. Covering a span of over 26 years of pre-war state, during and post-war from 1919 to 1945 it will incorporate all the major events that defined and shaped the future. Its foundation was laid soon after the World War I which raged in Europe from 1914 to 1918. It was fought between the central powers including Germany, Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian and the allied forces which included United States, Italy, Britain and France. It can be termed as the aftermath of the World War I. The great first war saw the allied forces as victors while the central powers were on the losing side. Naturally the winners wanted the losers to pay and so a peace agreement namely the Treaty of Versailles was formed which contained enough substance to punish and humiliate the nations who lost. (Goldstein) As the latter two sides ceased to exist, only Ge rmany was left to bear the victor’s brunt. There were the territorial losses as the part of the agreement for peace with which new nations were formed taking parts from Germany and the Soviet Union. Also the Austro-Hungarian regime was divided into newer states namely Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Those Germans who were parted and divided due to the formation of new states were called Ausland Deutsch (German Outsiders). So a grudge started building against the central powers in Germans and European nations. Then another reason which proved decisive in paving way for a second world war was the great depression which started in 1929. This changed the economic stature of many nations and global economy literally crashed. This produced devastated effects on the economy of Germany and European nations because they were already shaken due to the war debt. The European nations were so weakened by the war that the newer global economic downfall caused their economy to utterl y collapse. This brought an end to the perception that capitalist and democratic political environment prevailing so far has failed to secure the boundaries of European nations especially Germany. These aftereffects of World War I produced a negative yet indispensible urge in the Germans and they started developing a strategy for revenge. Soon after this after math of World War I and the great depression which followed, world saw the unexpected emergence and popularity of two dictators the Italian Benito Mussolini and the German Adolf Hitler. Germans who were helpless and starving to death needed a dictatorial regime that could provide an instant solution to their problems. They instantly accepted Hitler as their leader and soon the national socialist Nazi

European Aviation Safety Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Aviation Safety Agency - Essay Example It is tasked with promoting the highest possible safety standards, as well as environmental protection in the aviation industry, both in the EU member states, and the world in general. EASA assumed full responsibility in 2008 and took over the functions of JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities). The agency is mandated to undertake the following activities: There are several differences between EASA and JAA. JAA had its head office in Hoofddorp, Amsterdam, while EASA, has its headquarters in Cologne, Germany. In addition, EASA has the legislative mandate within the European Union (EU) by enacting regulations through the European Commission, Council of the European Union and European Parliament. On the other hand, JAA operated products without direct force of law. This means that JAA was not recognized as a legal body; but rather, it was a â€Å"mere cooperation of JAA member countries in the field of civil aviation† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 61). Moreover, some countries under JAA such as Turkey operated outside the EU, whereas, by definition, EASA is an agency that operates under the EU and other countries adopt its rules and regulations without being forced. The fundamental basis for the formulation of EASA is to ensure mandatory standardization. The agency is the one that gives certification. It also â€Å"acts as the authority in the field of airworthiness and continuing airworthiness† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 62). EASA has authority over new types of certificates and other designs that pertain to airworthiness approvals for aircrafts, engine, propellers and components. The agency works hand in hand with the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs) of the European Union members. However, EASA has virtually taken over most functions from NAAs so as to ensure uniformity of standards across the EU. EASA also has an important part in helping the European Commission negotiate and

Disciplinary Literacies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disciplinary Literacies - Research Paper Example ghlight how finance as a field provided a framework for explaining and solving economic issues and approaching problems in a systematic and efficient manner. The first is a scholarly paper entitled, The Role of Financial Innovations in the Current Global Financial Crisis written by Yoon-Shik Park. It was published in 2009 and was an immediate discourse of the global economic crisis that began two years earlier. The trade journal is entitled Prospects in the Global Financial crisis. Both of these articles revise how the financial crises are perceived. Being of scholarly extraction, it is mainly descriptive in nature, opting to use secondary sources or a wide array of prior literature and theorizing in order to depict the financial dilemma. The article introduced some sort of model to solve its identified problem. The writer directly stressed the need to address the issues of securitization and regulation to prevent a similar crisis from happening in the future. The author took pains in presenting empirical evidence, albeit all secondary, to support his positions. There was a good number of theories and statistical figures to support assertions. The revisionist argument centered on the need for financial innovations and reform. The trade journal article focused on a different angle of the financial crisis. It devoted a good amount of space and content on specific points that would appeal to its readers most. For example, it talked about the impact of the financial crisis on the Western market. It also outlined the likely short- and long-term effects on the Asia Pacific region. It has also proposed very specific solutions, according to specific stakeholder, such strict regulation so that the effects of crisis are either mitigated or diluted. The information provided seeks to revise regional attitudes towards the financial crisis. It cited that those less affected by the meltdown should not be content with the existing conditions that cushioned their economies but

European Aviation Safety Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Aviation Safety Agency - Essay Example It is tasked with promoting the highest possible safety standards, as well as environmental protection in the aviation industry, both in the EU member states, and the world in general. EASA assumed full responsibility in 2008 and took over the functions of JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities). The agency is mandated to undertake the following activities: There are several differences between EASA and JAA. JAA had its head office in Hoofddorp, Amsterdam, while EASA, has its headquarters in Cologne, Germany. In addition, EASA has the legislative mandate within the European Union (EU) by enacting regulations through the European Commission, Council of the European Union and European Parliament. On the other hand, JAA operated products without direct force of law. This means that JAA was not recognized as a legal body; but rather, it was a â€Å"mere cooperation of JAA member countries in the field of civil aviation† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 61). Moreover, some countries under JAA such as Turkey operated outside the EU, whereas, by definition, EASA is an agency that operates under the EU and other countries adopt its rules and regulations without being forced. The fundamental basis for the formulation of EASA is to ensure mandatory standardization. The agency is the one that gives certification. It also â€Å"acts as the authority in the field of airworthiness and continuing airworthiness† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 62). EASA has authority over new types of certificates and other designs that pertain to airworthiness approvals for aircrafts, engine, propellers and components. The agency works hand in hand with the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs) of the European Union members. However, EASA has virtually taken over most functions from NAAs so as to ensure uniformity of standards across the EU. EASA also has an important part in helping the European Commission negotiate and

Moral Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Moral Issues - Essay Example Also, engineering is increasingly required to satisfy continuing education requirements in order to keep their professional status. The ethics integrity is based on the principle of fairness and moral rules. This ethics integrity moral and social responsibility issues, fair attitude towards customers and colleagues. Clients served by engineers have no choice but to rely upon their lawyers for expert advice. Engineers are assumed to have a command of a complicated and changing subject matter; that is why they have been hired. But this also means that clients are rarely able to assess the engineering professional's competence. This is true in engineering as well as in the other professions. In engineering profession, this is a more complex notion because of the issue of third parties (Bentham, 2000). Engineering ethics integrity is based on the Judeo-Christian ethic. This ethics generally considered to be the foundation of Western ethical and moral principles. "In performing professional services for a client, a (structural engineer) has the duty to have that degree of learning and skill ordinarily possessed by reputable (structural engineers), practicing in the same or similar locality and under similar circumstances" (Kardon 1999). In engendering, like duties of justice, "the standard of care" does not arise because of any culpability on the part of the organization. "The standard of care" rests upon the mere fact that there are other beings in the world whose condition can be made better. If the organization recognizes these beings and is able to improve their condition, then a "the standard of care" arises. The fact that "the standard of care" is recognized by managers of organization is demonstrated by the fact that they cause the corporations to make charitable contributio ns. One is hard pressed to swallow utilitarian way of thinking that such contributions may in the long run improve profitability by the formation of goodwill. In fact, the best arguments against such action are utilitarian in nature (Mill, 2002). Ethics integrity involves duties of self-improvement which are the most difficult duties of engineers to translate to an organization. Duties of self-improvement rest on the issue that one can improve his/her own condition with respect to good value or intelligence. An example is the practice of organizations paying the cost of sending managers to universities to improve their skills and knowledge. Utilitarians would undoubtedly argue that such achievement is taken to improve profits through lower costs generated from the better management the organization expects to receive from better-educated managers. Organizations would undeniably justify this practice on such utilitarian grounds. Though, the ethics must truly be stretched to translate an individual manager's education to the bottom line. A more credible explanation for such things as classes in human relations might be found in the desire to fulfill a duty for self-improvement. For example, one could argue

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Essay In David McCullough’s June 2012 Commencement Speech You Are Not Special, he argues that no one is really special. In this speech he is saying that everyone is alike somewhere and somehow. Even though he is seems to be bashing the graduating class, he still adds encouraging words. Throughout the whole speech he continuously states that you are not special, but then ending the speech with saying, â€Å"You are not special because everyone is. † I argue that both McCullough and Sierra use the strategies of adding comparison, list, and emotion to make their speech and article convincing. An article in response to McCullough’s speech, Open Letter from a millennial: Quit Telling Us We Are Not Special written by a woman named Sierra on June 25, 1012. Her response argues that this speech is not appropriate for the graduating class who are ready to take on the world. McCullough’s speech should be aimed towards the parent’s generation. Sierra states that the parents are responsible for the problems their children face. In the real world the high school diploma is worthless. Comparisons are used in both McCullough’s and Sierras work. Sierra uses the comparisons to compare what we know now to our childhood memories, such as the tooth fairy. â€Å"We stopped believing in our own specialness around the same time we stopped believing in the tooth fairy. † She is saying that at a young age, we realized that we are not as special as everyone said we were. McCullough uses comparisons as well. In the beginning of his speech he compares the high school diploma to marriage. Unlike marriages, we cannot separate, divorce, from our diplomas, like we could our spouses. Both McCullough and Sierra use lists to persuade their audience. In Sierras article she uses list to show how as children and teenagers we depend on our parents. Stating that they do work for you, and then call you lazy or telling and teacher that an â€Å"A† is not good enough and the list continues. She uses list to get her point across. Rather than just stating one fact, she gives them all. In McCullough’s speech, he uses lists as well. He states that children have been pampered, fed, catered to, and so on. He uses this to get across that we have been babied our entire lives, so will we be prepared for the real world? He also uses list with statistics stating that somewhere someone is just like you. McCullough uses â€Å"There are 3. 2 million seniors from 37,000 high schools. † He continues on with the numbers of class presidents, swagger jackers, and pairs of Uggs. This is to get across that no one is different and there is always another person with the exact same thing as you. McCullough uses more humor. This makes the speech less offensive to the audience. While reading this speech you don’t notice the humor much, but when actually viewing the speech it is more humorous to the crowd. What some might think is humorous others might not. In conclusion, even though both use similar strategies in their work McCullough’s article is more persuasive. He makes you actually think that you are not special by adding comparisons, lists and emotions.

Leadership And The Competing Values Management Essay

Leadership And The Competing Values Management Essay This chapter has two parts: a management theory part of leadership and the competing values framework that puts the topic of research in context; and the second part provides a background insight on the applied field of research which is newspapering in Yemen. This part of the literature review chapter represents an attempt to dive into the ocean-deep literature on leadership is exerted to provide a theoretical background on this heavily studied domain in management. This argumentative collection and discussion of leadership literature will attempt to provide a quick overview of leadership different definitions and the associated theories that enrich leadership literature. A quick reference to the most important models and tools used in leadership studies will be made and discussed. From the various models, the selected theoretical framework of leadership the (Competing Values for Leadership) by Quinn (1983, 1993, 2006) will be subject of more focused presentation and discussion. The reasons of selecting this model not any other will be explained. This part concludes with reference to effective leadership and the role of leadership in the overall organizational effectiveness. 2. 2.2. Leadership 2.2.2.1 Leadership as an Area of Research Due to the extensive attention, leadership is one of the most extensively researched  areas  in organizational contexts for the significance role leadership play in organizations or at a larger scale in nations. Early studies and theories of leadership provided theoretical frameworks which were used as basis for the following eras of studies. Historically, leadership was studied from different perspectives and the following chronology of major studies and resulted theories: the Personality Traits (1841-1927); the Power and Influence of a Leader (1928-1956); the Behavioral Leadership (1955- 1983), where famous Managerial Grid Model was first presented by Blake and Mouton in 1964; the Situation theory (1943-1978) with a new research model: Open-Systems Model presented by Kats and Kahn in 1978; the Contingency approach to leadership (1964-1989) during which the situational theory presented by Hersey and Blanchard, 1969-1977); the Transactional model (1958-1979);and finally the Transformational approach (1977-1989). This volume of theoretical work is categorized under four generational groups. These are in chronological order: Trait theories, Behavioral theories, Contingency theories, and Transf ormational theories. Across sectional, leadership becomes an interdisciplinary field with contributions from political science, psychology education, history, agriculture, public administration management, community studies, law, medicine anthropology, biology, military sciences, philosophy and sociology. In many of these disciplines, leader ship is now an established subfield (Goethals, et al., 2004 p. xxxiv). These different approaches to leadership across management and organizational literature particularly the researches made in the second half of last century call for different leadership styles, and competencies. However, Hofstede (1980) argued that most process leadership theories share a common factor which is their advocacy for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦participation in the managers decisions by his/her subordinates participative management' (Hofstede, 1980 p. 56). As referenced above, the past century witnessed a remarkable change in the field of leadership research and the major in-depth wave of studies started in seventies and eighties. Two features stand out when the current situation is compared to that of today. These two features are the greater optimism about the field and its greater methodological diversity (Bryman, 2004). However, the evolution of leadership theories did not stop at this stage, a new era emerged in which researchers attempt to develop a more integrated approach to leadership (Vilkinas, et al., 2006). One of the most important theoretical advancement toward this result is the Competing Values Framework (CVF) for leadership (Quinn, et al., 1981, 1983), (Denison, et al., 1993), (Cacioppe, 1998), (Vilkinas, et al., 2006). 2.2.2.2 Definition of leadership Different scholars come up with different theories and consequently introduce their definition to the term leadership based on their respective areas of study. Leaderships guru, Bernard M. Bass (1990) for instance, considers leadership as one of the worlds oldest preoccupations and that its understanding has figured strongly in the quest of knowledge. Leaders of organizations or nations who were described as effective leaders did not have necessarily the same traits, which poses a challenge to the traits theory, especially when it come to the secondary attributes. Researchers traced the lives of these leaders and came up with general characteristics that distinguish leaders from subordinates. John Gardner, in his book On Leadership by Free Press in 1989, studied a large number of North American organizations and leaders and came to the conclusion that there were some qualities or attributes that did appear to mean that a leader in one situation could lead in another. These characteristics included: Physical vitality and stamina; Intelligence and action-oriented judgment; Eagerness to accept responsibility; Task competence; Understanding of followers and their needs; Skill in dealing with people; Need for achievement; Capacity to motivate people; Courage and resolution Trustworthiness; Decisiveness; Self-confidence; Assertiveness; and finally Adaptability/flexibility (Doyle, et al., 2001). On the contrary, leadership gurus Bass and Stogdill conceive leadership as the focus of group processes, as a matter of personality, as a matter of inducing compliance, as the exercise of influence, as particular behaviors, as a form or persuasion, as a power relation, as a instrument to achieve goals, as an effect of interaction, as a differentiated role, as initiation of structures, and as many combinations of these definitions. Under each phrase above, scholars define leadership, and the handbook defines leadership as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves a structure or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectations of the members. Leaders are agents of change-persons whose acts affect other people more than other peoples acts affect them, (Bass, 1990 pp. 20-21) Bass and Stogdill (1990) present above a competency-based definition, which comes after an extensive digest of the various concepts and approaches of organizational leadership. This definition goes along with Chemers (200) who defines leadership as process of  social influence  in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task (Chemers, 2002). As leadership is a process not a person; involves influence; occurs in groups; and involves a common goal, Northouse (2010) defines leadership as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse, 2010 p. 3). Following the same path yet in a wider scope, John W. Gardner (1993) defines leadership as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the process of persuation or example by which an individual (leadership team) induces a group to pursue objectives held by the leader or shared by the leaderand his/her followers (Gardner, 1993 p. 1) Another example of the process perspective leadership is found in Burns book Leadership (1978), in which he introduced two types of leaders: transformational leader and transactional leader, presenting a new approach to leadership literature. Burns (1978) said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ transforming leadership ultimately becomes moral in that it raises the level of human conduct and ethical aspiration of both leader and the led, and thus it has a transforming effect on both. (Homrig, 2001). However, these two types are deemed as modern leadership styles in the organizational contexts. The argumentative set of definitions brought above are built on the interaction between a leader and follower, rather than the personality traits or behaviors of a leader, although leadership traits approach suggests otherwise. This approach suggests that if these traits are truly present in a person, they will manifest themselves almost without regard to the situation in which the person is functioning (Gardner, 1993 p. 6). The researched confidently can argue that a leader is identified by followers/subordinates as well as an organization or any collective effort with a common goal that provides situational context in which he/she practices leadership. However, having those traits identified in a person, but without people of context, the traits will make of him/her a leader just for the sake owning them. In conclusion, it can be inferred that leadership is process of complex behavior whereby a person is set to inspire, and motivate his/her followers toward achieving common goals that are not effectively achievable otherwise. 2.2.2.3 Leadership vs. Management Both leadership and management are used in organizational context with little sensitivity to the terms especially when the right balance is maintained among all organizational elements that include people, processes, design, system, and technology. However, Doyle, et al. (2001), argued that not all managers, for example, are leaders; and not all leaders are managers. An attempt to make a distinction between managing and leading, one risk of this separation is that management is pushed into the background. Technically there is an overlap of domains and activities between management and leadership and thus in literature you will find managerial leadership (Gosling Mintzberg, 2003). Although leadership is not confined to management, there is wide agreement that the most successful organizations have strong, effective leaders. Most organizations contain both formal and informal leaders, some of which are in management positions, some are not (Albarran, 2006). To lead is to take risks on behalf of purpose and the greater good.   To manage is to mitigate risk on behalf of the bottom line.   A successful organization does both as well as a successful executive. A valuable employee at any level of the organization does both too (McBride, 2010). Although Gardner (1993) believes that leaders perform managerial jobs, he made several points to differentiate managers from leaders. The manager is more tightly linked to an organization than is the leader. Although he stresses on the interchangeable roles of leaders and managers, he argues that leaders do not necessarily have organizations and used Ghandi who was a leader before he had an organization (Gardner, 1993 p. 4). This leads to the term managerial leadership which is more practical in terms of leadership development and training. 2.1.2.4 Leadership Models and Tools As highlighted above, leadership has been studied extensively and dimensionally for more than a century (Seters, et al., 1990). The remarkable change and dimensional development in leadership research resulted in the introduction of several models and frameworks on leadership. Some researchers combine more than one theoretical framework to come up with a unique approach based on the scope of their studies. Yet, each approach is based on a theoretical framework whether it examines leaders personality traits, and behaviors or examine leadership as a process of interaction. Numerous tools and instruments have been developed to examine, study, and evaluate the impact of leadership in search of developing effective leaders (Ladyshewsky, 2007). Over the last decade the 360-degree review process has become a very popular tool in evaluating the impact of Leadership Development programs. The 360-degree assessment is now replacing the traditional performance appraisal (Toegel, et al., 2003). Despite its growing popularity, is not without its weaknesses. Some of these weaknesses include collusion to promote self-interests and selection of raters who will influence results positively. This reduces the value of the 360-degree review because the opportunity for receiving accurate feedback is lessened. Managers, peers and subordinates may also ground their responses using different perspectives because of their relationship to the ratee. These tools give a comprehensive understanding of the roles, and behaviors of leaders/managers One of the recent popular tools is The Leadership Circle Profile (TLCP), which contributes effectively to major advances on the best 360 instruments. As a validated tool, TLCP is designed to measure a battery of key leadership competencies. The Leadership Circle Profile is designed to integrate many of the best theoretical frameworks from the leadership, adult development, psychological and spiritual bodies of knowledge. Few, if any, 360 tools have a theoretical framework to complement their research base. TLCP has a rich and integrated theory base. This allows practitioners to use multiple frameworks that help the client connect the data to deeper insight (Anderson, 2006). Bryman (2004) concludes that leadership research is dominated by a single kind of data gathering instrument-the self-administered questionnaire. The field is replete with countless studies that employ questionnaires within the context of experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal designs. The Ohio State LBDQ scales, Fiedlers LPC scale, and more recently the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), which exemplify respectively the style, contingency and new leadership phases of the fields development, are emblematic of this feature. The questionnaire has become the instrument of choice for researchers working in a variety of different theoretical traditions and within different research designs. The Full Range Leadership Development Theory provides the backbone for analyzing the leadership style of each manager by using the MLQ (Saad, 2008). The different tools and models create more confusion for organizations, leaders/managers, and researchers which is more valid or more appropriate as each assumes and defines different set of competencies (Cacioppe, et al., 2000). Regardless of the confusion between these models and framework in the leadership literature, none can argue if one particular framework to be right while others are wrong. Rather, the most appropriate frameworks should be based on empirical evidence, should capture accurately the reality being described (in other words, they should be valid), and should be able to integrate and organize most of the dimensions being proposed (Cameron, et al., 2006). One of the most popular leadership-management assessment instruments that integrates several aspects of leadership and previous models is the Competing Values Framework (CVF) introduced by Quinn and colleagues in 1981 and 1983. The CVF has been the subject of several organizational studies ever since. In all previous studies, it achieved high level of reliability and validity (Yu, et al., 2009) based on all empirical studies structured around the concept of organizational effectiveness (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983; Quinn  et al., 2003; Belasen, et al., 2008; (Cameron, et al., 2006); (Denison, et al., 1993) (Ladyshewsky, 2007) (Quinn, 2006) (Vilkinas, et al., 2006) (Vilkinas, et al., 2009). The CVF instrument is developed to study the behavioral complexity of leaders (Denison, et al., 1993) and a later stage the CVF, which was developed in the early 1980s as a tool to examine the organizational culture and its variables was introduced as a framework of leadership effectiveness (Cameron, et al., 2006) (Belasen, et al., 2008). 2.1.3 The Competing Value Leadership 2.1.3.1 Theory and Definition The Competing Values Framework was developed initially from research conducted on the major indicators of effective organizations (Cameron, et al., 2006, p 33). It was developed as a result of empirical research on the question of what makes organizations effective (Quinn, et al., 1981) followed by studies of culture, leadership, structure, and information processing (Denison, et al., 1995) (Cameron, et al., 2006). Those conducting the preliminary research asked certain key questions like: What are the main criteria for determining if an organization is effective or not? What key factors define organizational effectiveness? When people judge an organization to be effective, what indicators do they have in mind? A spatial model was developed from the judgment data. It indicated that three value dimensions, focus (taskpeople), structure (controlflexibility), and time (short-termlong-term) underlie conceptualizations of organizational effectiveness. Furthermore, the model suggested some fundamental criteria of organizational effectiveness that differentially reflect these three value dimensions (Quinn, et al., 1981). However, Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) conducted further analysis and came up with two major dimensions; (a) one that differentiates a focus on flexibility, discretion, and dynamism from a focus on stability, order, and control; and (b) a second that differentiates a focus on an internal orientation, integration, and unity from a focus on an external orientation, differentiation, and rivalry (Cameron, et al., 2006, p 34). Figure 1: The Competing Values Framework Together these two dimensions form four quadrants, with four different organizational cultures. Figure 1 illustrates the relationships of these two dimensions to one another. What is notable about these four core values is that they represent opposite or competing assumptions: flexibility versus stability and control, internal versus external. The upper left quadrant, for example, identifies values that emphasize an internal, organic focus, whereas the lower right quadrant identifies values that emphasize an external, control focus. Similarly, the upper right quadrant identifies values that emphasize an external, organic focus, whereas the lower left quadrant emphasizes internal, control values. The competing or opposite values in each quadrant give rise to the name for the model, the Competing Values Framework. The resulted quadrants are labeled to distinguish their most notable characteristics-clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy, which were derived from the scholarly literature. They also match key management theories about organizational success, approaches to organizational quality, leadership roles, and management skills (Cameron, et al., 2006, p 35-37). 2.1.3.2 The Competing Values Approach to Leadership The Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been named as one of the forty most important models in the history of business (Cameron, 2010). The framework was developed as a result of extensive empirical researches focusing on organizational effectiveness (Quinn, et al., 1983). It predicts that balancing the full range of leadership roles should help managers perform their job effectively; yet, limited cognitive and emotional resources constrain employment of the full range of roles (Belasen, et al., 2008). 2.1.3.3 The CVF Leadership Quadrants In keeping with the emphasis of this model on behavioral complexity and leadership as a portfolio of capabilities, the eight roles in the model are defined in terms of a set of skills necessary to perform each role (Denison, et al., 1993 p. 6). The figure 2 below highlights the rights managerial leadership roles. Figure 2 Eight CVF roles of managerial leadership (Denison, et al., 1993 p. 6 27) Figure 2 suggests a spatial model with eight separate roles presented in terms of two underlying dimensions, with a specific set of relationships among these roles. The roles should take the form of a circle within these two dimensions, such that some pairs of roles (such as the monitor and the coordinator) should be very closely related, while other pairs of roles (such as the mentor and the producer) should be far less closely related. Opposite roles are presumably more contradictory and adjacent roles are more similar. One might expect, for example, that a leader who was highly proficient as a mentor would also have facilitator skills in their behavioral portfolio, but might be somewhat less likely to be highly proficient as a director or producer (Denison, et al., 1993 p. 9). 2.1.3.4 The CVF Leadership Roles As we have seen above the CVF has four quadrants with four types of cultures, the Competing Values leadership model divides each of its four quadrants into two leadership roles (Quinn, et al., 1983), (Denison, et al., 1993), (Cameron, et al., 2006), (Belasen, et al., 2008), (Cameron, 2010). The CVF leadership quadrants and roles are explained below (Denison, et al., 1993, pp. 6-8). The upper-right quadrant, which the effectiveness framework links to open-systems theory and the process of adaptation to the organizations external environment, defines two leadership roles: Innovator Role The innovator is creative and envisions, encourages, and facilitates change. Broker Role The broker is politically astute, acquires resources and maintains the units external legitimacy through the development, scanning, and maintenance of a network of external contacts. Moving clockwise to the lower right quadrant, labeled the rational goal model in the effectiveness framework, two more leadership roles are specified. These roles emphasize the rational pursuit of goals external to the group, and the leaders role in defining and motivating the attainment of those goals. Producer Role The producer is the task-oriented, work-focused role. The producer seeks closure, and motivates those behaviors that will result in the completion of the groups task. Director Role The director engages in goal setting and role clarification, sets objectives, and establishes clear expectations. The lower left quadrant is referred to in the effectiveness framework as the internal process model and places primary emphasis on internal control and stability. Two additional leadership roles are specified in that quadrant. Coordinator Role The coordinator maintains structure, does the scheduling, coordinating, and problem solving, and sees that rules and standards are met. Monitor Role The monitor collects and distributes information, checks on performance, and provides a sense of continuity and stability. The upper left quadrant is referred to in the framework as the human relations quadrant, placing primary emphasis on human interaction and process. Two final leadership roles are defined within that quadrant. Facilitator Role The facilitator encourages the expression of opinions, seeks consensus, and negotiates compromise. Mentor Role The mentor is aware of individual needs, listens actively, is fair, supports legitimate requests, and attempts to facilitate the development of individuals. 2.1.3.5 Leadership Effectiveness Extensive research by management scholars has identified critical competencies that characterize the most effective leaders and the most effective organizations worldwide. Quinn and Cameron (2006) introduced an instrument that assesses 20 key areas of leadership competency based on the Competing Values Framework. The leadership skills being assessed were not arbitrarily selected, but were derived from more than a dozen studies of leadership effectiveness. Figure 3 The Competing Values Framework culture, leadership, value drivers, and effectiveness. The focus of this study is to identify the competing values leadership roles of the chief editors of the participant newspapers, rather than assessing their competencies. Therefore, the suggested leadership competency assessment by Quinn, et al. (2006) will not be used in this study. However, it is of paramount significance to get a comprehensive view of the CVF different instruments. The congruence of leadership competencies and organizational culture leads to effectiveness, according to Quinn and Cameron (2006). To create value, managers competencies must be congruent with their organizations dominant culture. Demonstrating leadership competencies in the quadrants that dominate the organizations culture is associated with higher levels of success for the leader (Cameron, et al., 2006, p. 160). The management guru, Drucker (2006) in his book Effective Executive argued that effective executives should be able to manage time; choose what contributed to the organization; know where and how to mobilize strength for best effect; setting the right priorities; and knitting all of these together with effective decision-making. 2.1.3.6 CVF Model Application Though the framework is most often thought of as a leadership tool it has shown to have many important advantages. The CVF can be used for all aspects and levels in organizations. For example, It can be applied to personal style, yet the same framework can also be used to assess communication, leadership, organizational culture, core competencies, decision making, motivation, human resources practices, quality, employee selection, organizational capabilities, organizational change patterns, strategy, financial performance and many others (Cameron, 2010). The CVF is an approach to thinking that is, to interpreting or making sense of complex phenomena as well as to developing a repertoire of competencies and strategies that address the complexities being encountered (Cameron, et al., 2006). Criticism Development of the CVF Model Beyond the organizational effectiveness, the CVF has been studied and tested in numerous organizations for the past 25 years by scholars and professional experts not only in the United States but also in China (Vilkinas, et al., 2009); Australia (Vilkinas, et al., 2006); Malaysia (Yiing, et al., 2009); Yemen (Al-Marhadhi, 1996) and elsewhere. As a tool, the CVF is not only used in academic research, but also in as an assessment tool in the service industry (Degraff, et al., 2010). Although the model has been widely used in management and leadership research and development, it receives some criticism and further development by other researchers. Hooijberg (1996)  questioned the two dimensions of the CVF model and some of the questionnaire items that measure the leadership role distributed across the model. According to Cacioppe et al (2000), who reference the work of Hooijberg (1996) the CV framework, for instance, does not adequately capture vision or customer orientation roles or competencies that are fundamental to many models of leadership and management. As a result, Cacioppe and Albrecht developed a framework that used several of the aspects of the CV model supported by research with modifications to a number of roles and question items (Cacioppe, et al., 2000). Further application and empirical testing of the CVF led to further advancement. In response to developing researches, Quinn and colleagues developed the model further. In Australia, for instance, the Integrated Competing Values Framework (ICVF) was approached by Vilkinas and her co-authers who introduced the Integrator, as the ninth leadership role (Vilkinas, et al., 2006). Why the CVF? The Competing Values Framework provides a theory of effective leadership through managing tensions, which is the subject of this research. It includes predictions that congruence among disparate elements in organizations leads to success, paradoxical management is required for effectiveness, and comprehensive strategies and tactics representing all parts of the are needed to create value. (Cameron, et al., 2006, p.158-159). The selection of the CVF as a framework for this research is not because it is the best model or framework, but rather because of the significance it has left on leadership and organizational effectiveness, through hundreds of studies around the world. Moreover, the simplicity of the model; and its relevance to the internal and external competing environments of newspapering in Yemen represent supportive factors for selection. Besides, the CVF as a model can be applied as a multi-purpose model to assess leadership effectiveness; leadership managerial competencies, organizational culture, and overall organizational effectiveness. The abundance of literature on CVF, its measurement tools, research questionnaires, and analysis frameworks contribute positively to be the chosen model for this research. The CVF has been adopted in various organizational contexts as an assessment as well as a development tool. According to Quinn and Cameron (2006), the CVF is valid and significant for organizational and personal contexts alike. Chapter II: Literature Review Part 2 Yemeni Newspaper Industry 2.2.1 Introduction This part of the literature review is dedicated to the newspaper history, background and industry in general. A discussion of the environment, newspapers exist is given with examples and citations from existing literature. The overall part aims to present a comprehensive view of newspapering in Yemen with existing merits and challenges. 2.2.2 Background The Republic of Yemen embarked on democracy, political plurality and public freedoms in 1990 after northern and southern parts of the country were reunified. The reunification gave birth to a national constitution which guarantees political and social rights and public freedoms including freedom of the press. The emerging democracy in Yemen and plurality of the political system necessitated the plurality of media as one of the main pillars of a healthy democracy. Although the state continues to control the broadcast media including TV and radio until today, a wide spectrum of print media outlets exists. Although, Yemen has known journalism as early as 1872 when the Turks established a printing press and issued Yemen and then Sanaa newsletters in both Arabic and Turkish (The Evolution and Development of Journalism in Yemen, 2008) Free press plays a key role in sustaining and monitoring a healthy democracy, as well as in contributing to greater accountability, good governance, and economic development. People need to be able to watch the performance of their government and public authorities through a free and independent coverage of relevant news and events. Media as an educational tool is supposed to contribute to raise peoples awareness about their rights and duties. It is assumed that the news media can best fulfill its functions in a democracy if there is a rich and pluralistic information environment that is easily available to all citizens. There is a large body of American literature which suggests that if TV has taken over from the press as our main source of news this may limit our capacity to learn about public affairs; newspapers are believed to be far more effective than television at conveying detailed information necessary to understand complex and detailed policy issues (Norris, Fall 2000). In Yemen today, there are three major types of media: broadcast (TV and Radio); print (newspapers and magazines); and electronic (internet). 2.2.3 Classification of Print Media in Yemen The print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, in Yemen is categorized into three categories from ownership perspective: public or state-run newspapers, political or partisan newspapers, and privately owned newspapers (Al-Asaadi, 2007, Raja, 2010). However, Hassan Mansour (2009) added a fourth category that includes newspapers published by civil society organizations or trade unions, which I believe shoul

Mechanisms of Originality: Comparing Language Systems to Neural Systems :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mechanisms of Originality: Comparing Language Systems to Neural Systems "When I was a boy I felt that the role of rhyme in poetry was to compel one to find the unobvious because of the necessity of finding a word which rhymes. This forces novel assocations and almost guarantees deviations from routine chains or trains of thought. It becomes paradoxically a sort of automatic mechanism of orginality ..." ---- Stan Ulam, Adventures of a Mathematician In a previous paper, I began exploring a comparison between language and DNA based on their function as information systems. In this paper, I would like to consider some of these issues further, as well as extend the comparison to the nervous system. The conversation was structured around the five "essential characteristics" of DNA; these are stability; variation; reproducibility; the ability to store information; and the ability for that information to be read. For this paper, I'd like to focus just on the criteria of stability by looking at what some researchers are saying now about the structure of language and the structure of the nervous system. One complication which is intrinsic to any kind of discussion like this is that the parallel lines one tries to pursue are only parallel in places; eventually they do overlap, and often they are indistinguishably tangled. The most obvious and forbidding example is that language is itself a product of neural function; thus, when one gets to the root of how sentences are understood and generated, the comparison to neural activity becomes moot, because in fact it IS neural activity (highly specialized and probably not easily generalized neural activity at that). Similarly, any discussion about the origins of language is also by definition a discussion of the evolution of the brain. I mention this only because I think that while the risk of chasing ones own tail is very real, the observations which arise from a consideration of the places where the two structures parallel one another (in an extremely basic way) are sufficiently interesting to warrant the attention. The simplest way to think about structure is in terms of building blocks or discrete units. With language, the most basic units are either letters or phonemes (9); the next level of organization is words; following words are series of words (which in Western languages are usually sentences). Interestingly, meaning is not acquired until letters have made the leap to words.

Business enterprise Essay

– Design a website for a business enterprise, meeting user requirements I have designed my own website and my aim was to meet the requirements that my users need and desire from a health and beauty business. The specific purpose for my site is to promote my ethical made produce while keeping people happy and giving them what they want and expect. Furthermore, the purpose for my site is to give my customers a sense of my brands personality and to hopefully retain them my users and continue to grow though e-commerce. Its purpose is to inform people of â€Å"who I am† and â€Å"what we do† and provide my customers with efficiency while saving time on my part and increasing my customer base. I am defining my website to 14 – 35 year olds who have an interest in keeping healthy and looking nice while still being ethical and beneficial to the environment. My products range from hair, skin, nails, make-up, music, candles and many more, so whoever is interested in these, I will be defining my website to them. On my website I have six webpages (with links to others) and these include a homepage, transaction page, enquiry/chat help page, review/customer feedback page, our story page, our products page and an additional â€Å"find us† page and â€Å"our philosophy† page. I have thought about how I am going about retaining customer and encouraging repeat visits by inserting certain aspects, for example, a product on sale. I have thought about how I will build trust from my site and I have added a chat help page so customers can ask questions and present enquiries. I also have thought about celebrity promotion and how someone who people trust, trusting a brand can help users to build trust and confidence. P5 – Describe how the design meets user needs My website design is designed to be simplistic but interesting to look at while providing users with all the appropriate information to guide them and also keep them safe and feeling protected. The layout is designed to be simple to read with all the appropriate pages aligned so they are easy to pinpoint. There isn’t a lot on each page itself which means that customers avoid getting confused and can navigate around my site without stress. One of the functions of my site is to encourage interaction with particular sites that shows my business in a good light such as â€Å"sure2amaze.com† which I have copied and paste a link so users can view professional/customer feedback compared to other health and beauty products. I also have linked my  Facebook page and Twitter which enables off-site conversation, allowing users to create a circle of interaction that extends from on-site conversations to off-site conversations. In regards to my market segmentation, my user needs is to be efficient, up to date and engaging. In relation to the website in general, my website needs to be speedy, accessibility, good navigation and provide information. My website is modern yet has a vintage twist via the product bottles being the original brown pipet glass bottles that people might have used a while back. I engage my customer with marketing strategies such as celebrity promotions, and my website server is quick meaning the users experience doesn’t experience any turbulence. Furthermore, all my website pages are aligned at the top of the page which never disappears. In addition to all this, I have pages such as â€Å"our philosophy† or â€Å"our story† which presents users with appropriate information to establish personal connections with the customer to engage them. I feel all these features are appropriate because not only to the engage the user and encourage them to remain on my website, information about our story and celebrity recognition can enable the user to build trust and confidence when navigating around the site or making a purchase. Feeling protected can also build trust with the user and my security padlock image gives the user reassurance that when they are on the site they are safe which makes it appropriate because the user will not continue to shop with you if they experience any problems and feel they are taking a risk. My domain name is â€Å"www.aesthetic-cosmetics.co.uk† and this briefly means, a unique name that identifies an â€Å"internet resource† such as my website. The hosting option I chose is â€Å"wix.com† where I pay monthly fees to keep my website active on the internet. Hosting options basically means where a website reside in order to be ready to be viewed by online visitors. The security settings I chose is â€Å"comoo authentic padlock† which protects my users from any dangerous website additions and informs them that their personal information will be safe. Security setting basically protects the user’s information by safely storing this in the siteâ₠¬â„¢s system and reassuring them that it will not be used for unapproved purposes. M2 – Assess how the website design meets user requirements My market segmentation is 14 – 35 year olds who have an interest in keeping  healthy and looking nice. The attributes my target market has is being cautious about their image, being on trend including all different ethnicities, backgrounds and sexual natures. Other attributes of the younger generation might include being active online and more aware of what companies should deliver via being ethical and providing security for users. I believe my target group want something engaging so therefore colourful and interesting to look at while being individual and unique. The type of typography that my market segmentation will be attracted too are writing techniques which has explosive words of colour while still being professional and easily readable. The typography of young adults/teens are to have â€Å"friendly round corners† and that the mojority of teenagers prefered either the font â€Å"bambo† or â€Å"comic sans† accourding the this website; â€Å"http://issuu.com/anna_magombe/docs/research_into_typographic_design_for_young_people_†. The data was easy to find and I found this on a website which displayed an easy to read booklet on the â€Å"typography design for young people†. My website portrays the overall organisational objectives for my site by adopting an easy-to-use column of pages in the header which means users can easily navigate around the website. Another reason why my website portrays organisation is the features included such as a chat link, safety settings, customer feedback, information all come together to define an organised website with all the relevant features to meet user needs. Without these features, my website would appear to be disorganised and lacking in relation to customer satisfaction standards. D2 – Evaluate the extent to which the website design meets user requirements, making recommendations for improvements In my opinion, I believe my website to have been designed well, but due to the lack of efficiency through Wix, I feel my design layout could have been improved if I used a more user-friendly hosting option. I feel the pictures and colour screen are engaging and simplistic. However because of the lack of features via Wix, I believe my website look crowded and I understand that some of the information designed to improve my users experience might be looked over and missed out in relation to the positioning and font size (chosen from the lack of space). Some improvements I could have made would be choosing a different hosting option other than Wix. The reason for this is because there is room for improvement in the user friendly side of things in relation to this hosting option.