Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Somé Essay Example for Free

Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Som EssayWith Of Water and Spirit Malidoma Patrice somewhat has written a very interesting, engaging autobiography in which he details his life as a man living between 2 different lifestyles the traditional life of his people, the Dagara, who live in rural Burkina Faso, the former French Colony known as the Upper Volta, and the life of a extremely educated African man with two PhDs who travels throughout the western nations writing, lecturing, and teaching about his people and their relationship between the normal world and the spirit world. correspond to about his first name Malidoma means be friends with the stranger/enemy. The Dagara believe a persons name has an affect on the his life so they name their children something that result always remind them of their mission in life. slightly, then, is here in the West to tell the world about my people any way I can, and to induce back to my people the knowledge I gain about this world (Some 1994, 1). Some was named Patrice when he was baptized by Jesuitical priests at the insistence of his sustain who had converted to Catholicism.The attitude of Some and the Dagara people is very interesting. Instead of feeling hatred against the white men who had colonized the country and basically enslaved the people turn stealing their land and resources, the Dagara are concerned about all people, including the white people and are convinced that the West is as endangered as the indigenous cultures it has decimated in the name of colonialism (Some 1994, 1). They believe that western cultures abandonment of functional spiritual values has made the West sick with a sickness of the soul (Some 1994, 1).Some was basically kidnapped from his tribe at the age of four when he was taken away to study at the Jesuit school. At the time the Jesuits were trying give rise a native missionary force to help in converting the people of Upper Volta. Prior to creation kidnapped Some had spent much of his childhood with his granddad, a great leader of the Dagara. His gramps taught him many of the stories of the Dagara people, their spiritual beliefs, and their history.Somes grandfather emphasized the close spiritual relationship of the Dagara with the world, the land, and the spirits of their deceased ancestors. The Dagara believe there is an meaning(a) connection between an individual, his people, his land, and his god. Somes grandfather could not understand the Catholic Churchs attempts at missionary work throughout the world, . . . let me tell you that a God who would get away his people away from their land must be drinking a very strong wine all the time (Some 1994, 29).At the time of his death, Somes grandfather told Some that the ancestors had designated Some to follow the white man so that you may serve as the eye of the compound, the ear of your many brothers, and the mouth of your tribe (Some 1994, 40). Somes grandfather also told him that he came b ack to the tribe he would appear strange to the Dagara, he would only be part Dagara and would have to undergo the month dogged initiation in the wilderness to become a member of the tribe. Somes time at the Jesuit school was unpleasant.The priests often beat him while they were teaching him as if the beatings would reinforce the lessons and make him confirm to the Jesuit teachings. When he graduated to the seminary school at Nansi he had similar experiences and often found that he lived outside of himself. He would make his thoughts go away from my body so that when the first blow pelt, I he was not even aware of it (Some 1994, 114). Some resented the way he was treated and found himself rebelling against the method of instruction.This rebellion reached its climax when Some was twenty and became involved in a physical altercation with one of the priests. During the struggle the priest fell through the window and landed in the dirt outside. Consequently, Some ran away from the sc hool to return to his home. His journey home took him eleven days since he was forced to walk the entire way. Ironically, on his journey, Some learned that the country had gained its independence from France in 1960 and such forced schooling had come to an end.Since Some was about four-years-old two when independence occurred and when he was taken away from his people to attend school, he could have returned to his people long before (Some 1994, 153 99-156). By the time he returned to his village, the Jesuit missionary priests on the hill were gone, although a day school still existed. Once Some was in his home compound, he found he no longer fit it with his people. He had forgotten how to speak the language the village had changed with independence. His people were not comfortable with him there, nor was he comfortable with them.Consequently the elders decided he should undergo the Baor, the month long initiation, to quiet the white man in your soul . . . so that his soul would c ome back home and . . . stop being a stranger to yourself and to us (Some 1994, 178). Some describes his spiritual initiation in detail and tells how he was able to return to the Dagara. Once he had returned fully to the Dagara, Some found that he was again not comfortable living with his people because he had not yet completed his mission that his grandfather had told him about and that his ancestors had designate him.Once again it became necessary to leave his people so the he might be friends with the stranger/enemy. This is what Some continues to do today through his literary productions and lecturing. However, he is careful to return to his home every year to make certain he reconnects with his home and people.BibliographySome, Malidoma Patrice. Of Water and the Spirit Ritual, Magic, and Initiation in the action of an African Shaman. New York G. P. Putnams Sons, A Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Book, 1994.

Protecting and Preserving Our Environment Essay Example for Free

Protecting and Preserving Our Environment EssayAt WD, we recognize the need to follow and cheer the earths vital natural resources. We believe that part of being a good corporate citizen and a good neighbor is guarding or improving the clean stockss of the air, water and land of the locations in which we operate. As a result, our facilities throughout the world comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, and each has developed and implemented a comprehensive set of practices designed to ensure continued residence. In addition, we continu totallyy polish our operations and executees to identify opportunities which allow us to reduce or recycle byproducts generated by our activities. We are also concerned about protecting the natural resources of the communities in which our products are sold and used. We review the content of the products we manufacture and imbibe naturalised programs to eliminate or phase out the use of certain materials restricted by int ernational legislation. We have also begun offering for sale a line of products specifically designed to reduce the environmental impact resulting from their use.All of our manufacturing facilities in Asia have environmental management systems in place which are ISO 14001 certified. Each expertness has a comprehensive policy and set of supporting procedures addressing environmental permits, befoulment prevention, hazardous substances, wastewater and solid wastes, airborne emissions and product content. Our policies express a loading to continued improvement, and to this end, we review the status of our environmental management systems at least annually.All of our manufacturing facilities have environmental specialists on office, and we provide training programs on environmental practices for employees whose work duties impact our environmental management systems. In addition, all of our facilities provide clear written direction to all employees and workers in languages appropri ate to each site regarding requirements and responsibilities for environmental practices in accordance with company policy. complaisance with RoHS and WEEE DirectivesWD products manufactured and sold worldwide after August 1, 2005, meet or exceed Restriction of groundless Substances (RoHS) respectfulness requirements as mandated by the European Union for electrical and electronic products. The RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament, which was effective in the EU beginning July 1, 2006, aims to protect human health and the environment by restricting the use of certain hazardous substances in new equipment, and consists of restrictions on lead, mercury, cadmium, and some other substances. The Waste Electrical and electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive was developed to minimize the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment into landfills. WD hard drive products and packaging include the WEEE symbol in support of this directive. supplier ComplianceWD has conducted and continues to conduct very extensive tests regarding use of environmental compliant material on all our components. WD requires all component suppliers meet WDs environmental Specification, highborn WDs Environmental Guidelines for Materials, Components and Products. This 20-page Specification sets forth the maximum threshold limits for restricted, prohibited and managed substances and requires suppliers to adhere to all applicable laws. In addition, the Specification states that all WD suppliers and sub-suppliers will be expected to complete environmental declaration forms for all new materials and components based on a combination of knowledge of their incoming raw materials, process review and their own analytical testing and certification data. Suppliers are indispensable to maintain documented records, made open to horse opera digital, indicating which measures are used to ensure compliance to the Specification. We review all suppliers Declarations of compliance with WDs environmental Specification during the launch of every new hard drive program and also track this together with a 3rd party Analytical lab data by component in our Environmental Compliance database. In addition, we maintain strict requirements with respect to Supplier Process/Material Change requests. Suppliers are also required to keep records of their in process tests to ensure compliance to the clear Process Management syllabus andapproved materials. These are regularly audited by WD.Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGlobal climate deviate, caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, is one of the most material concerns facing our world today. As a corporate citizen, WD is particularly sensitive to the effects of global climate change. The need to understand the science of climate change and to formulate appropriate policy to address scientific findings is intensifying with each passing day. To view WDs Greenhouse Gas report, click here.QA for Environmental and Hazardous MaterialsEnvironmentalQDoes horse opera digital have management representatives responsible for assuring compliance with respect to environmental laws, regulations and codes? AYes. western Digital has management representatives at all critical sites whose core responsibility is monitoring, communicating and training employees in all aspects of environmental compliance as related to the specific facility.QDo Western Digitals facilities receive periodic audits of environmental practices in order to assess conformance with regulatory and other requirements? AYes. Western Digital conducts both internal and external audits to value its compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations.QWhat types of policies, rules or procedures does Western Digital maintain relative to environmental programs? AWestern Digital maintains environmental polices, rules and/or procedures which address environmental permits, pollution prevention, hazardous substances, liquid waste, soli d waste, air emission controls and product content. The substance of these programs is delivered to our employee population utilizing conglomerate formats including in-person training, web-based training, face-to-face communications, postings and bulletins. All programs are communicated invarious languages appropriate to the employee population of each of our facilities to insure that all employees have a clear understanding of the programs.QDoes Western Digital place contractual requirements on its suppliers to be in compliance with environmental laws, regulations and codes of conduct? AYes. Whenever possible, Western Digital executes contracts with its suppliers which require, among other things, that the suppliers comply with all relevant and applicable environmental laws and regulations.QIs Western Digital required to maintain certain environmental permits in the operations of its facilities? AYes. Western Digital is required to maintain certain environmental permits as related to the operations of its facilities. base on the geography and the operations, permits may be required for chemical handling and storage, waste treatment, wastewater discharge, air emissions and storage tanks.QDoes Western Digital make available Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) to workers that handle chemicals? AYes. Western Digital makes MSDS sheets available to employees onsite at all of its facilities. In addition, Western Digital contracts for OnCall MSDS information domestically.Hazardous MaterialsQDoes Western Digital use hazardous materials in its manufacturing process? AYes. Western Digital utilizes a variety of hazardous materials in its manufacturing operations. Classifications of hazardous materials include flammables, combustibles, corrosives and toxic gases.QHow does Western Digital store chemicals at its facilities? AWestern Digital stores all hazardous materials in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Storage areas are secured and covered containing va rious types of containers including bottles, cylinders, drums and other approved vessels with the appropriate type of labeling and containment as required or recommended by codes, regulations and other authorities.QDoes Western Digital generate wastes that are classified as hazardous wastes? AYes. Western Digital generates various types and quantities of hazardous wastes. All wastes are disposed of in compliance with applicable law, and we regularly audit our hazardous waste haulers and their facilities.QDoes Western Digital have a program or procedures for management of hazardous waste? AYes. Western Digital has a variety of programs and procedures for the management of its hazardous waste. These include monitoring, characterization, treatment, reincarnation and disposition. All wastes are disposed of in compliance with applicable law, and we regularly audit our hazardous waste haulers and their facilities.QDoes Western Digital have a site specific management system registered to ISO 14001, OSHAS 18001, or other recognized health and safety or environmental management standards? AYes. Western Digital factories in Malaysia and Thailand maintain management systems which have earned the ISO 14001 and OSHAS 18001 designation.QDoes Western Digital have programs or procedures to reduce or eliminate pollution and waste in its operations? AWestern Digital is always looking for ways to eliminate or reduce pollution or waste generated by our operations. Among the programs we consider are solvent re-use or elimination, process waste and emission minimization, packaging reduction, recycling or elimination as well as reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.QDoes Western Digital have programs or procedures to reduce the use of energy, water and other natural resources in its operations? AWestern Digital is always looking for ways to reduce energy and other natural resource consumption in our operations. Among the programs we consider are evaluating product or process design modifications, improvement in energy efficiency of process, and the military rank of construction, maintenance and land use programs.

Retigabine for Seizures

Retigabine for SeizuresDefinitionEzogabine (United States) or retigabine (Europe) has the chemical name N-2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino) phenyl carbamic acid ethyl ester.It was shown that the anticonvulsive go through of ezogabine is a consequence of its ability to open the KCNQ (Kv7)-type kelvin channels that ar composed of four subunits and argon found in the membranes of neurons 2. The importance of this type of potassium channels in the development of epilepsy was understood only after its dysfunction was linked to benign familial neonatal convulsions 3,4. Ezogabine binds to all subtypes of the KCNQ potassium channels, including the KCNQ2-5- subtypes that are express in brain tissue. The especially heteromeric KCNQ2/3and KCNQ3/5 potassium channels are highly expressed in the central nervous system and much central in the control of neuronal excitability than other types because they mediate M currents 5,6. Ezogabine is the only anticonvulsant that has a mechanics of action that involves opening potassium channels. This concomitant was the initial rationale for the drugs development, as researchers sought to produce a new drug that would be effective in patients with drug therapy-resistant epilepsy. Ezogabine is the first gear antiepileptic drug with this mechanism of action and was developed to fill this gap and help with the treatment of drug-resistant patients. Finally, clinical trials documented the effectiveness of ezogabine as adjuvant therapy for the drop-off of partial-onset seizure frequency, and it received marketing authorization in 2011 in both the United States and Europe 17The propertiesEzogabine is a poorly water soluble small pinpoint (molecular weight 303.3). . The standard method for identification of ezogabine is reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with or without mass spectrometry using electro spray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer 19. The results of ezogabine identification co uld be confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy 19.Mechanism of actionThe mechanism of action of ezogabine was investigated using the electrophysiological measurements of ionic currents in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (transfected with cDNA encoding humanM1 muscarinic receptors,KCNQand CD8cDNAs) and rat ganglion cells, using the amphotericin-B perforatedpatch technique 22. The effects of ezogabine were tested on ionic currents from both heteromeric KCNQ2/3 and homomeric KCNQ1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3 and KCNQ4 potassium channels. The potassium currents were enhanced by ezogabine through all types of channels, except KCNQ1. The effects of ezogabine were also tested in another determine on HEK293 cells stably transfected with KCNQ5 channels 23 it was shown that ezogabine concentration-dependently also enhances the potassium current through this type of channel. After binding for the KCNQ channel, ezogabine decreases the membranepotential threshold for activation of the channel (makes it more negative, i.e., shifts it toward the hyperpolarizing end) and increases the probability of maximum opening of the KCNQ channel 22,23. All of these effects make neurons less prone to depolarization and activation.Pharmacokinetics and metabolismThe absolute bioavailability of orally-administered RTG is 60% 34. Absorption is fast and Cmax is typically reached 30 120 min after a single oral point 35-38. Cmax is moderately increased when RTG is taken with a high-fat meal, while the battlefield under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) remains unchanged 39. RTG is rapidly eliminated following first-order kinetics, with a terminal half-life of approximately 7.5 h the clearance is 0.58 0.76 lh-1kg-1 35-37. preteen women may reach 30% higher Cmax values than men after accounting for body weight, but weight adjusted clearance is similar 36. RTG has a large volume of distribution (8.7 lkg-1) and a plasma protein binding of about 80% 35,39. In healthy volunteers, RTG pharmacokinetics is linearly dose-proportional for doses of 50 350 g dramatic play and not affected by multiple administrations indicating that RTG does not influence its own metabolism 35. In epilepsy patients, RTG dose linearity was demonstrated over the therapeutic dose range of 200 400 mg t.i.d. 35,40. RTG is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes 41,42. Rather, it is extensively metabolized by N-glucuronidation, leading to formation of two major N-glucuronides, and to a smaller extent by N-acetylation, leading to formation of the N-acetyl metabolite of retigabine (NAMR, formerly AWD21-360), which also undergoes glucuronidation 41,42. In vitro assays using recombinant human UDPglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) identified UGT1A1, 1A9, 1A4, and 1A3 as the principal enzymes catalyzing RTG glucuronidation 43,44. In subjects with reduced UGT1A1 metabolic capacitance (Gilberts syndrome), RTG pharmacokinetics is unchanged and N-acetylation partia lly compensates for reduced glucuronidation, in addition to compensation by other UGT1A isoforms 45. Other UGT1 and UGT2 family members also appear to be involved, because complete dismission of UGT1A metabolic capacity (Crigler-Najjar type II) did not completely abolish RTG glucuronidation in vitro 44. Individuals with genetic polymorphisms in the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene leading to a slow acetylation phenotype had a lower total exposure to NAMR than rapid acetylators 45. Safety and tolerability of RTG treatment is apparently not altered in subjects with Gilberts syndrome or slow acetylation polymorphisms 45. RTG and its metabolites are primarily excreted by the kidney 42,45. A 30% slower RTG clearance in elderly subjects vs. young subjects is consistent with the known decline of renal function with sequence 36. Systemic RTG clearance can be reduced by 50% in patients with moderate/severe impairment of liver function (Child-Pugh score 7) or kidney function (creatinine c learance Safety and tolerabilityThree physical body III clinical trials were pivotal to the eventual approval of ezogabine for use to treat seizures. The first was a study by Porter et al. during which placebo or ezogabineat daily doses of 600, 900, or 1200 mg was administered 9. RESTORE 1 compared placebo to ezogabine 1200 mg/day, and RESTORE 2 compared subjects taking 600 or 900 mgof ezogabine daily with those taking placebo 4,10. As would be expected and consistent with other antiepileptic agents, the most commonly observed perverse effects seen with ezogabine use are CNS-related. At least 10% of study participants in Phase III clinical trials experienced somnolence, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, tremor, abnormal thinking, vertigo,speech disorders, or amnesia 4,9,10. Most of these adverse effects appear to be related to dose, and are typically reported to be mild or moderate in nature. As in the Phase III trials, the majority (62%) of adverse events were CNS-related. In additi on, several ezogabine users experienced neuropsychiatric events including hallucinations (2%), confusion (9%), and psychosis (1%) 12. The majority of these episodes occurred within the first two months of drug exposure in individuals with no documented history of a psychiatric disorder.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process Engineering Essay

politic Catalytic wisecrack Process Engineering EssayINTRODUCTIONFluid catalytic grab edge, which is now to a greater extent than 60 years old, is the cornerstone of most of the petroleum refineries. It has proven to be the most-efficient process available for the renewal of gasconadeconade oils and residue into more valuable fainthearteder hydrocarbons. Many refiners consider the catalytic cracking process to be the highest profit generating unit in the entire refinery. In earlier times, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) was operated broadly in two modes, they atomic number 18Maximum gasoline modeMaximum distillate modeBut with the approach of Reformulated gasoline (RFG), these be now operated in maximum olefin mode. FCCU is a very sophisticated unit with many factors affecting each early(a) and the boilers suit process. In nearly processes investigation of factors impact is done by changing one factor at a time while kee gloamingg other factors constant. In case of FCCU it is almost practically impossible to obtain a clear indication as, dislodge in one single factor leads to change(s) in one or more other factors. This whole phenomenon is a natural consequence of the kindle balance of FCCU. If the unit is to operate at steady state, and so the unit has to be in passion balance condition. At this stage the fire up requirement in the reactor is satisfied by burning hundred in the regenerator and transferring the energy to the reactor done circulating live gas pedal. Heat balance around the reactor-regenerator can be utilise to predict the effects of process changes although the exact degree of the changes may be difficult to establish. It is one step at a time thought process and rather difficult to pin down exact numbers without a careful study of topics and ascorbic acid laydown rates as affected by changing variables. In this work a plant data is taken as reference and ground on that, calculations have been done to find out t he net heat of endothermic reactions occurring in the riser main pipe pipe reactor, assuming that the unit is operating at steady state and that the riser is an isothermal one. Then as per the harvest-feasts slate, a 7- accumulateed model is considered from various literatures and based on the kinetics of reactions, rate equations are formed and with the knowledge of available kinetic parameters the differential temperature drops along the height of the riser are calculated.PROCESS verbal descriptionMore than a dozen types of FCCU are operating worldwide. But the basic designs of all these type remain the same. FCCU comprises of two partsRiser reactor, in which catalytic cracking reactions occurRegenerator, in which burning of blast (deposited during cracking) from the catalytic sites is doneFigure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a typical FCCU. The lam is preheated in a furnace and(Figure 1- Schematic Diagram of a typical FCCU)injected at the layer of the riser along with a sm all amount of travel clean clean. This steam helps in dispersion of ease up, good atomization and reduces coke formation by decreasing the partial pressure of hydrocarbon dehydrations. The food is subsequently vaporized when it comes in contact with the hot catalyst from regenerator. The hydrocarbon vapours so formed undergo endothermic cracking reactions on their way up through with(predicate) the riser. The expansion of product vapours occurs through the length of the riser and the gas velocity increases with decreasing gas density. Hot catalyst particles provide the sensible heat and latent heat requirements for vaporizing the liquid incline and similarly endothermic heat of reaction for the cracking reactions. After a definite distance from the entry zone of the riser, the liquid feed is completely vaporized. Cracking reactions continue with the vapours moving up in the riser and the temperature is dropped along the length of the riser due to endothermic nature of cra cking. The catalytic cracking is started and also completed in a very short period of time inside the riser reactor in which the catalyst is pushed upward by incorporating steam at various locations along the length of the riser and hydrocarbon vapours. Mixture of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapour travels up in the riser into the reactors. Steams injected at different locations in the riser are as follows,Fluffing steam at the bottom of the riserDispersion steam along with fresh feed injectorsRiser dilution steam above the fresh feed injectorsDispersion steam along with recycle stream injectorsAeration steam into the riser J bend to fluidize the catalystAlong with this some other locations are there where steam is injected. They are as followsSpent catalyst standpipe aeration steamRegenerated catalyst standpipe aeration steam reactor quench steam reactor dome steamPost riser quench steamStripping steam into strippersMixture of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapour is discharged from the ri ser to the riser cyclone assembly. The bulk of the spent catalyst is disjointed from product vapours in the cyclone assembly. If necessary the vapours leaving the riser cyclones are routed into secondary cyclone assembly located inside the reactor vessel. divide catalysts draw through each cyclone dip leg into the stripper. Product vapours leave the reactor cyclones and flow into the main fractionator through the reactor everyplacehead vapour line. Quench steam is injected inside the reactor vessel to reduce the temperature, so as to minimize post riser thermal cracking reactions and coke formation. Reactor dome steam is provided to sweep hydrocarbons and avoid dead areas on top of the reactor vessel that may lead to thermal cracking and coking in that area. The separated catalyst from the riser and reactor cyclone assemblies enters the catalyst stripper.As the catalyst flows down the stripper, it gets stripped off the entrained hydrocarbon vapours by the up flowing steam. Strip ping enhances the product recovery and reduces the carryover of hydrocarbon to the regenerator along with the spent catalyst thereof. Fluffing steam ensures the fluidization of the circulating catalyst. Stripped catalyst from the stripper flows into the regenerator dense sleep together through the spent catalyst standpipe (SCSP). gas level in the stripper is maintained by spent catalyst slide valve (SCSV). Aeration steam is provided in the SCSP to ensure proper flow and fluidization of spent catalyst. snowfall adsor go to sleep on the spent catalyst during cracking reaction is been removed in the regenerator by burning off the coke with shine. Air is supplied from the mien blower to the regenerator through multiple distributors. Air is also introduced at different locations of the regenerator, they are as followsT-grid airRegenerated catalyst standpipe (RCSP) hopper aeration airRCSP aeration airRegenerator fluffing air at the bottom near the J bendThe regenerator can be operated in two modesPartial burning at the stake modeComplete combustion modeFor partial combustion mode, a CO boiler is needed to convert CO to CO2. The current discussion is for complete combustion mode regenerator.Flue gas from the regenerated dense bed flows to the two stage regenerator cyclone assembly. Here the entrained catalyst is separated from the good luck gas. The separated catalyst flows back to the dense bed through cyclone dip legs. Flue gas from the cyclone flows out from top of the regenerator through a flue gas line. Total air flow to the regenerator is regulated based on the desired level of atomic number 8 in flue gas. similarly low O2 concentration allow for consume coke build up on regenerated catalyst and CO release from regenerator. Too high O2 concentration will lead to regenerator cooling. So, regenerator flue gas is regularly examined for O2, CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 analysis.FEED CHARACTERIZATIONThe only constant in FCC operation is the frequent change in feed r ailway line quality. Thats why two feeds with similar simmering point ranges can exhibit huge differences in cracking performance and product yields. Feed movie is one of the most important activities in monitoring the FCC process. Feed portrait is the process of find physical and chemical properties of the feed. Understanding feed properties and also crafty their impact on units performance is an essential thing. Trouble shooting, catalyst selection, unit optimization and subsequent process evaluation, all depend on feedstock. Feed picture relates product yields and qualities to feed quality. Analytical techniques like mass spectrometry are sophisticated and not practical for determining complete composition of FCC feedstock. Simpler empirical cor dealings are often used. They are as followsoAPI somberness and UOP KBoiling rangeAverage boiling pointCarbon residueMetalsSulphur, Nitrogen and OxygenoAPI gravity and UOP KIt is a ad hoc gravity relating the density of oil to the density of water. The empirical formula for this isoAPI 131.5 (3.1)Feed to an FCC can range from 15o to 45o API. If the API gravity increases the charge stock will crack more readily and for the same reaction temperature there will be greater conversion. Secondly at a constant conversion level, there will be greater gasoline yield with slightly lower octane.A rough indication of the quantities of paraffin present is a characterization factor which relates boiling point to specific gravity, is called the UOP K factor. This is given by(3.2)WhereCABP = cubic average boiling point, oRSG = specific gravity at 60 oFHigher the UOP K value more is the paraffinic nature of the feedstock.Boiling RangeThe boiling range of FCC feed varies from an initial point of 500oF to an endpoint of about 1000oF. on that point are two boiling point ranges which are used to describe the lighter material in the feed. They arePer cent over 430oFPer cent over 650oFThe first quantifies the amount of gasoline in the feed. The second one quantifies the light fuel oil in the charge.Average boiling pointAverage boiling point of the FCC feed depends on the average molecular cargo. An increase in average boiling point and molecular weight will typically cause the followingThe charge will crack more readily, so at constant reactor temperature conversion will increaseAt constant conversion, yield of C4 and lighter will decreaseOlefinic content of the product will decreaseRegenerator temperature will tend to riseAt constant conversion, the gasoline yield will increase about 1% for an increase in the molecular weight of 20.Carbon residueThe carbon residue of a feedstock is an indirect measure of its coke producing nature. Values may be determined by either Conradson or Ramsbottom methods. The carbon residue can be a useful number for determining possible contamination in storage. Entrainment in vacuum tower is a common cause of increased carbon residue. Colour may be used to approximately evalua te the carbon content of the feedstock. Darker stocks tend to have higher carbon residues.MetalsOrganometallic compounds in the FCC feed can cause serious overcracking if the metals deposit on the catalyst. The cleanliness of a chargestock is given by a metals factorFm = Fe + V + 10 (Ni + Cu) (3.3)WhereFm = Metals FactorFe = Iron concentrationV = Vanadium concentrationNi = Nickel concentrationCu = Copper concentrationAll metal concentrations are ppm by weight in the feed. A factor of 1.0 is considered safe, over 3.0 indicate a danger of poisoning of catalyst.Sulfur, Nitrogen, OxygenSulfur is as undesirable in FCC feed as it is in the feed to most of the refining units, ca development corrosion of the equipment and increased difficulty in treating products. At 50% conversion about 35% sulfur charged is reborn to H2S, and at 70% conversion the figure will rise to 50%. Nitrogen produces NH3 and CN- in the reactors, and nighttime and trace quantities of NH3 in the regenerator. These NH 3 and CN- cause plugging and corrosion, while the NOx and NH3 in the flue gas cause environmental problems. Gas oil will absorb atomic number 8 in storage unless the tanks are gas blanketed. This oxygen will combine with the compounds in the oil at about 450oF to form gum, which fouls heat exchangers.FCC REACTION CHEMISTRYCracking reactions are predominantly catalytic, but some non-selective thermal cracking reactions do take place. The two processes proceed via different chemistry. The occurrence of both the reactions is confirmed by distribution of products. Catalytic cracking bribe mainly via carbenium ion intermediates. There are three dominant reactions in cracking are catalytic cracking, isomerization, atomic number 1 transfer. The idealized reaction classes are tabled below with specific reactions to support them.(Table 1 idealized reactions of importance in FCCU)Reaction classesSpecific reactionsCrackingn-C10H22 n-C7H16 + C3H6 1-C8H16 2C4H8Hydrogen transfer4C6H12 3C6H14 + C6H6 cyclo-C6H12 + 3 1-C5H10 3n-C5H12 + C6H6Isomerization1-C4H8 trans-2-C4H8 n-C6H10 iso-C4H10 o-C6H4(CH3)2 m- C6H4(CH3)2TransalkylationC6H6 + m- C6H4(CH3)2 2C6H5CH3Cyclization1-C7H14 CH3-cyclo-C6H11DealkylationIso-C3H7-C6H5 C6H6 + C3H6Dehydrogenationn-C6H14 1-C6H12 + H2Polymerization3C2H4 1-C6H12Paraffin alkylation1-C4H8 + iso-C4H10 iso-C8H18 well-nigh of the reactions are endothermic in nature and some are exothermic in nature. Each reaction has a heat of reaction associated with it. The overall heat of reaction is the combination of both the types of heat of reactions. Though there are a number of exothermic reactions, then also the net reaction is endothermic. It is bare that the type and magnitude of reactions have an impact on the heat balance of the unit. If the catalyst is with less hydrogen transfer characteristics, it will cause the net heat of reaction to be more endothermic. This in turn results in higher catalyst circulation and possibly a higher coke yield to m aintain the heat balance.FCC UNIT MATERIAL BALANCEFor this, a complete set of commercial plant data is used. The data is given in subsequent tables belowFEEDSTOCK(Table 2 Properties of feed components)FeedUnitHydrotreatedVGOUn-hydrotreatedVGOLight Coker NaphthaQuantity,TMTPA3200800170% of total feedwt%76.7419.184.08Density 15oCgm/cc0.8940.9320.6762CCRwt%0.11.2Sulfurwt%0.13.320.434Hydrogen contentwt%13Ni + Vwppm16.38Nitrogenwppm500159430ASTM Distillation, vol.%D-1160, oCD-1160, oCD-86, oCIBP3663493653743791038539443304204354950443468577048550865905455567595576573FBP62060986Bromine no.107.86Paraffinsvol.%46.7Olefinsvol.%43.38Naphthenesvol.%7.25Aromaticsvol.%2.68RON, clear79.4Diene value5.31WATSON K12.436MW82.001PRODUCT YIELDS(Table 3- product yields, Ex-reactor and Perfect fractionator base)Productswt %Weight (lbs. /hr.)H2S0.394309Hydrogen0.041606Methane1.0611710ethane1.5417010ethylene1.7619442Dry gas4.40148768Propane2.8631592Propylene9.66106708n-butane1.6918668i-butane5.5260976but enes7.4782516LPG27.2300460LCN14.50160174MCN23.40257978HCN3.9043082LCO16.45181713CLO4.75153347COKE5.01-OPERATING CONDITIONS(Table 4- Operating conditions for the Unit)Riser-ReactorUnitValueFresh heavy feed rate (VGO)m3/hr.533.4Fresh light feed rate (Coker naphtha)m3/hr.30.2CLO recyclem3/hr.46Riser top temperatureoC540Riser top pressureKg/cm21.5Feed preheat temperatureoC350RegeneratorAir to regenerator (dry basis)Nm3/hr.310717Regenerator pressureKg/cm21.9Dense bed temperatureoC640Dilute bed temperatureoC654Flue gas temperatureoC657Blower discharge temperatureoC226StripperStripping steam rateKg/hr.5000Stripping steam temperatureoC290Stripping steam pressureKg/cm210.5Base temperatureoC0Ambient temperatureoC35Flue gas compositionMW= 30.6O2vol. %2.49COvol. %0.005CO2vol. %15.58N2vol. %81.83SO2vol. %0.085SO3vol. %0.01Now using the above data, amount of oxygen that was consumed by burning the hydrogen in coke is estimated. All the gas calculations are based upon 100 moles of flue gas. The ox ygen consumed for H2O is given by the expressionO2 consumed = * (vol. % of N2 in flue gas) 2 * (vol. % of O2 in flue gas) 2 * (vol. % of CO2 in flue gas) (vol. % of CO in flue gas) (5.1)So, O2 consumed = * (81.83) 2 * (2.49) 2 * (15.58) (0.005)= 7.36The weight of the hydrogen and carbon in the coke are calculatedWeight = 2.016 * (7.36) + 12.01 * (15.58+0.005)= 202.01The temperature differentials are calculated (oF basis)TRR = (Regenerator dense bed temperature Riser outlet temperature) (5.2)= 1184 1004TRR = clxxxTRB = (Regenerator fluegas temperature Blower discharge temperature) (5.3)= 1215 439TRB = 776TRS = (Riser outlet temperature Stripping steam temperature) (5.4)= 1004 554TRS = 450The weight combined feed ratio is calculated as(Flow rate)CLO * (Density)CLO * 2.204CFR = (5.5)(Flow rate)Fresh feed * (density)fresh feed * 2.204=CFR = 0.074The stripping steam and inert gases carried to the reactor by the regenerated catalyst are calculated on a weight per pound fresh f eed basisSteam = (5.6)Steam = 0.01Inert gases = (5.7)Inert gases = 0.007The amount of hydrogen in the coke is calculated asHydrogen in Coke, wt % = 2.016 * 7.36 / 202.01 * 100 %= 7.35 wt. %The air to coke ratio isAir to coke, wt/wt = (2897/202.01) * (81.83/79)Air to coke, wt/wt = 14.85 lbs air / lb cokeWhere2897 is the molecular weight of air multiplied by 100 (basis of 100 moles of flue gas)The weight of coke per hour may be calculated asWeight of coke, lbs/hr. = (4591) * 193.23 / 14.85= 59738.6 lbs/hr.Where(310717 Nm3/hr. = 5178.62 Nm3/min. = 193.23 MSCFM4591 = air rate conversion factor from MSCFM to lbs/hr.)So, weight % of coke is thenwt. % coke = * 100%= (59738.6 / 1104941.7) * 100 %wt. % coke = 5.41In the product yield table, the coke wt. % is indicted as 5.01 wt%. But it is calculated as 5.41 wt. %. Now the overall weight balance is as followsOVERALL WEIGHT BALANCEINPUT-= Fresh feed + Coker naphtha + CLO recycle= (533.4 * 0.8 * 894 * 2.204) + (533.4 * 0.2 * 932 * 2.204) + (30 .2 * 676.2 * 2.204) + (46 * 808 * 2.204)= 1186860.1 lbs. / hr.OUTPUT-= Total product yields + coke= 1149831 + 59738.6= 1209569.6 lbs. / hr.So, error in weight balance is calculated as= INPUT OUTPUT= (1186860.1 1209596.6) lbs. / hr.= 22736.5 lbs. / hr.= 1.88 wt. %= 98.12 % closureNow combustion heat of coke is determined as follows (at hottest temperature = flue gas temperature = 1215oF)Hcomb = (X) (vol. % of CO in flue gas) + (Y) (vol. % of CO2 in flue gas) + (Z) (vol. % of O2 consumed) / (weight if hydrogen and carbon in coke) (5.8)= (48000) * (0.005) + (169743) * (15.58) + (106472) * (7.36) / 202.01Hcomb = 16971.8 Btu / lb cokeWhereX = heat of combustion of CO at 1215oFY = heat of combustion of CO2 at 1215oFZ = heat of combustion of H2O at 1215oFThere is correction factor for the hydrogen in coke, this is given asCorrection factor, C = 1133 (134.6) (wt. % hydrogen) (5.9)= 1133 (134.6) (7.35)= 143.7The net heat of combustion after using the correction factor is-HC = 16971.8 + 143.7 Btu / lb coke-HC = 17115.5 Btu / lb cokeAt this point the reactor and regenerator heat balances are calculated. The catalyst supplies the heat to the reactor. The regenerator heat balance is calculated first using a basis of one pound of coke at the hottest regenerator temperature. The reactor heat balance is based on one pound of fresh feed. warmheartedness BALANCEREGENERATOR HEAT(Figure 2- Regenerator heat In Out organisation)HEATREG = HCOMB. HCOKE HAIR HRADIATION LOSS (6.1)Now, HCOKE = heat required to sharpen coke to combustion temperature= (0.4) * (TRR) (6.2)HAIR = heat required to raise air to combustion temperature= (lb air / lb coke) * (0.26) * (TRB) (6.3)HRADIATION LOSS = 250 Btu / lb cokeSo, HEATREG = 17115.5 (0.4) * (180) (14.85) * (0.26) * (776) 250HEATREGHEATREG = 13797.4 Btu / lb coke-HCSo, regenerator efficiency = *100% (6.4)= 80.6REACTOR HEAT(Figure 3- Reactor heat In Out scheme)HEATRX = HFRESH FEED + HRECYCLE + HSTRIPPING STEAM + HREACTION + HRADIAT ION LOSS + HINERTS (6.5)HFRESH FEED, HRECYCLE = heat required to raise fresh feed recycle to reactor temperatureHSTRIPPING STEAM = heat required to raise steam to reactor temperature= TRS * (0.485) * (lb steam / lb fresh feed) (6.6)HRADIATION LOSS = 2 Btu / lb fresh feedHINERTS = heat of inert gases carried from regenerator to reactor by regenerated catalyst= TRR * (-0.275) * (lb inerts / lb fresh feed) (6.7)HEATRX = (enthalpy of fresh feed at riser outlet temperature enthalpy of fresh feed at preheat temperature) + CFR (enthalpy of recycle feed at riser outlet temperature enthalpy of recycle feed) + TRS * (0.485) * (lb steam / lb fresh feed) + 2 Btu / lb fresh feed + TRR * (-0.275) * (lb inerts / lb fresh feed) + HREACTION= (745 460) + 0.074 * (745 460) + 450 * (0.485) * 0.01 + 2 + 180 * (-0.275) * 0.007 + HREACTIONHEATRX = 310 + HREACTIONNote-Enthalpies for the fresh feed and the recycle feed were calculated by taking respective UOP K values, oAPIs and the temperatures from t he API technical data book.Regenerator heat is calculated on a one lb of coke basis. This can be converted to one lb of fresh feed by use of weight % of coke term.So, HEATRX = HEATREG () (6.8)HREACTION + HEATRX = HEATREG () + HREACTION (6.9)HREACTION = HEATREG () + HREACTION + HEATRX (6.10)But HEATRX = + HREACTIONPutting this relation in equation (6.10), the equation changes toHREACTION = HEATREG () HREACTION = 13797.4 * 310HREACTION = 436.44 Btu / lb fresh feedSo, HEATRX = 310 + 436.44HEATRX = 746.44 Btu / lb fresh feed(0.275) (TRR)Cat / embrocate (wt. / wt.) = HEATRX (6.11)Cat / Oil (wt. / wt.) = 15 lb Catalyst / lb OilCatalyst circulation rate = (Cat / Oil) * (lb fresh feed / hr.) (6.12)= 15 * 1104941.8CCR = 16574127 lbs. / hr.= 7524 MT/ hr.Overall heat flow scheme for the whole FCCU can be shown as below(Figure 4- Typical FCCU heat balance scheme)Now, the net total endothermic heat of reaction is calculated through empirical formulae. But we took the assumption as the riser is an isothermal one. Practically it is not isothermal. The temperature at the base of the riser is higher than what is at the top of the riser or at the riser outlet. This is because the cracking reactions occurring along the length of the riser is endothermic in nature. So heat is being absorbed during the reaction and causes the temperature at that particular location to decrease. Gradually the temperature decreases and at the riser outlet the temperature is dropped significantly. In this context we can estimate the riser base temperature using empirical relations and therefore can estimate the drop in temperature at the next differential element up in the riser DNS. But before this a multi-lumped model is to be considered along with possible reaction schemes and there kinetic parameters.SEVEN LUMP KINETIC MODELFor this purpose a seven lump kinetic model proposed by Mehran Heydari et al. (2010) is used. They divided the model into seven lumps namely VGO/Coker Naphtha, Clarified Oil , Light Cycle Oil, gasoline (LCN, MCN, and HCN), LPG, Dry gas and Coke. The schematic flow diagram is as follows(Figure 5- Seven lump kinetic model in FCCU)In order to develop a mathematical model for this particular system, certain assumptions has to be taken, they are as followsThe riser is an one dimensional ideal plug flow reactor with no radial and axial dispersionReactor is an adiabatic riserFeed viscosity and heat capacities of all components are constantFluid flow is not affected by the coke deposition on the catalystFeed is vaporized instantaneously in the riser entranceAll cracking reactions are taking place in the riserThe model considers seven lumps and eighteen reactions and eighteen kinetic constants. Molecular weights of different lumps and boiling ranges are given DNS in the table below(Table 5- molecular weights and boiling ranges of lumps)jLumpMolecular weight(Kg/ Kmol)Boiling range(oC)1VGO418.7349 6202CLO291232 -5673LCO226170 3924 flatulency11430 2285LPG656DRY GAS307COKE12Values of kinetic constants and activation energies along with heat of reactions for each reaction are given in the table below (DNS, Mehran Heydari, Praveen ch. shishir sinha)(Table 6- reaction schemes with kinetic parameters)ReactionsRate constants(m3/ kg cat. hr.)Activation energy(KJ/Kmol)Heat of reaction(KJ/Kg)VGO CLO14.9350.7345.821VGO LCO5.7850.7379.213VGO GASOLINE11.6950.7392.335VGO LPG3.5916.15159.315VGO DRYGAS0.3516.15159.315VGO COKE11.5516.15159.315CLO LCO5.7850.7356.314CLO GASOLINE0.9446.24128.571CLO LPG0.13559.75455.185CLO DRYGAS0.013559.75455.185CLO COKE0.327259.75455.185LCO GASOLINE0.574246.2493.030LCO LPG0.008659.75704.93LCO DRYGAS0.000959.75704.93LCO COKE0.059659.75704.93GASOLINE LPG0.000378.49372.10GASO DRYGAS0.000178.49372.10LPG DRYGAS0.003359.7532.30The riser model is assumed to be a two phase model

Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe | Comparison

Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe ComparisonAs it kn feature close two noned German house decorators, Walter Gropius and Mies vanguard de Rohe, who had been worked unitedly and made a large contribution to the world race architectures. Although both of them focus on the Modern building technology, they still adjudge their own unequ every last(predicate)ed features and blueprint philosophies. Walters main themes of architecture is standardized house, prefabrication and developed house for low-income workers whereas Mies Van de Rohes Less is more and God is in the details atomic number 18 his famous sayings. This essay talks about the two famous architects from Germ each and the similarities and difference between their unique architectural buildings. In this essay, some of the greatest masterpieces before WW2 such as the Trten Estate, skyscraper, IIT campus buildings be menti one(a)d below.Walter Gropius, a German architect and educator, who established the Bauhaus school of design, which has become a predominant force in architecture in twentieth century. Gropius was famous for the Bauhaus style and the prestige of the architecture had established when he grouped with Adolph Meyer. Walter Gropius went once morest the Nazi regime and escaped Ger many a(prenominal) secretly in 1934. He taught architecture at Harvard Univer ridey in Britain after a few eld. Then, the Bauhaus concepts and design principles were gene posed and introduced by him. During the 1938 to 1941, he worked on some houses with Marcel Breuer and all of them established the Architects Collaborative in 1945 (Jackie recreant n.d).Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another prestigious German architect, who had worked with Walter Gropius and highly regarded as one of the pioneering masters of Modern architecture. Although he had never received any formal using in school, it would not stop the pursuit of establishing a new architectural style. Less is more and God is in the details are his aphorisms. He keep to setk a rational method that could navigate the innovative process of architectural design and strived to a concept of minimal framework of structural come in fight against the freedom implication of free-flowing open space-skin and bones building style. Mies van der Rohe became well whopn for the glass and steel, this style clarified that the Barcelona Pavilion expressed as well as the planar inner walls that are an outgrowth of the belief that space must be made universal and flexible (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe architect biography 2011).Mies s design for the housing was stemmed from his early study of the Kari Friedrich Schinkel. This project was famous from drawing and photographs. In 1912, Mie established his practice as an unique architect in Berlin. At that clipping, there was a competition that had been held for a skyscraper design on Friedrichstrasse in Berlin. Although Miess scheme was successful and forward-looking, the project could not be ac cepted due to the poor conditions would not match with the solution (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe architect biography 2011).Walter Gropius- design philosophyThe architectural design of Walter Gropius was on the keister of the new architecture, which was not just about shelter any longer, but a kind of expression. The satisfying world has changed the idea from the gigantic structures to the stpower and protective c everywhereing of the architectural buildings. In the late age, we can concentrate on the architecture itself and the pursuit of our humans expressed feelings. Walter Gropiuss ideology of designing buildings is moreover more sophisticated and preferable to the modern time than turn people in the past. He has more focuse on the central expression and utilitarianism of every buildings rather than good-looking structure and dissolute materials (Design Philosophy 2011).Walter Gropiuss New Architecture included the new materials and modern technologies of the World. He said t hat excellent design should be available to all and truly believed that it was not impossible by using standardization and prefabricated homes. The use of walls was just the most distinguishing angle of the buildings he designed. The simple form that provided by him was the dress hat track to express vitality (Design Philosophy 2011).Bauhaus/International style of architecture has a number of unique features namely, functionality Vs ornamentation, asymmetry and regularity Vs symmetry, and space Vs mass. Walter Gropius gave up the darkened concept and style of the architectural building, while he mainly put these three ideas in the front line- functionality, asymmetry and space. Bauhaus buildings are normally cubic with decline angles they have smooth facades and an open floor plan (Yael Zisling 2000).Bauhaus architecture primarily relates to the mixer aspects of design and workers departments. Tel Aviv, a newly evolved city, which embraced the style. This style of architectur e was popular at a time due to the new engineering advancements that allowed to be built around steel or iron frames, that was, the walls did not support the structure any longer, but only enveloped from the outside. The International Style was the kind of architecture that never depended on the past style of the buildings conversely, it made an attempt to set up a new and modern style. In Tel Aviv, Bauhaus architecture benefited a foot confine because there was no real entrenched architectural style. However, the style of the architecture could be detect in many places in Tel Aviv (Yael Zisling 2000).Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe design philosophyMiess glass skyscraper proposal actually had not been accepted by those clients because there was a thirty-story lift designed for an usual site situated near the crossing of the broad avenues, and this free-form scheme without any effective solutions for the structure. In 1923, the proposal was known from the photos of a impersonate and seve ral drawings. It can be shown from this project that Mies Van Der Rohe moves to a real modern style, it has become of great interest. He took over a number of studies of these architectures, which includes plosive speech sound building at that time (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe architect biography 2011).In 1924, the plan for a brick building has a close resemblance to the de Stiji paintings of Van Doesburg. Mies Van der rohe regarded the brick as an old material and utilized it in the design for this planed country house. The Walls were free standing, sliding out from beneath the roof into the landscape. The walls linked with glass enclosures produced an but new effect, with radical implications for living style. Mies van der Rohe used these concepts to good effect in the Barcelona Pavilion of 1929 (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe architect biography 2011).Walter Gropius -technologyDue to the Industrial Revolution, the world had evolved dramatically, while art schools ignored new technology and ideas. Gropius supported students to exploit new industrial materials and processes. Walter Gropius believed that art should serve the proletariat and those of completed buildings. The main themes of Gropius architecture is standardized house, prefabrication and developed house. These ideas were applied into his private missions. In 1926, Gropius designed a 60-dwelling low-income community in Dessau, Germany- the Trten Estate. He often helped the urban workers who live under the poverty lines. In order to help those poor workers, Gropius planed to design economical buildings with small but comfortable cortege by using cheap materials resembling cement and prefabricated elements. He tried to improve the sunlight and air circulation in the view on by placing the windows (Walter Gropius and the Legacy of Modernism / MaddieWardley 2011).At present, most of the modern buildings suit the Bauhaus style. thither is a typical case of Truro House design. This house makes full use of the energy-saving techniques like solar power and it is divided into the wings. One is used for family visits and could be closed to reduce the energy. Just as Gropius, the buildings prefer to light color, big windows and a flat roof. The structural elements have been exposed under the sunlight. Perhaps Gropius fancies about the transparency in these buildings so that visitors can adjoin through with(predicate) the construction and inner workings. Therefore, the Truro House can demonstrate a theme of technology, comfort, conservation and functionality by this famous designer. Up into now, the architecture is still largely affected by Bauhaus Modernism (Walter Gropius and the Legacy of Modernism / MaddieWardley 2011).Mie van der Rohe engine roomMie van der Rohe designed Czechoslovakia in 1930, the largest luxurious Tugendhat House in Brno. On a sloping site, this building is with a compact two-story plan and entered from the street at the higher level. The living rooms and dine rooms give more space and quality. Its use of exterior terraces on both levels is omparable to Le Corbusiers Villa Stein in Garches, France, 1927. The house is the same in function as large, late nineteenth-century country houses. Individual spaces could be shut off using draperies on ceiling tracks. The curved wall denning the dining room is Macassar wood, with an onyx freestanding wall denning space between living area and study. The Brno chairs designed for this house have been generated. The house suffered damage and is now owned by the city of Bmo (Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe architect biography 2011).Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was counted among the founders of modern architecture and design. One of the most emulated architects of the 20th century, he taught architecture for almost 30 years. Mies came to Illinois Institute of Technology to head the universitys Department of Architecture soon after the closing of Bauhaus, the renowned design school that flourished in Germany from 19 19 until the rise of Nazism in 1933. During his 20 years as chairman of the department, he built up a curriculum based on the Bauhaus philosophy of synthesizing aesthetics and technology. He strongly emphasized on the grounding in the fundamentals of architecture and on a disciplined method of problem solving is reflected in IITs curriculum. According to his career, Mie had affected a great many architects and they made his theories into a movement (See Architecture 2011).His own designs, ranging from the Barcelona Pavilion in Spain to the Seagram Building in New York to IITs S. R. Crown Hall changed the skylines of cities all over the globe. Mies established Crown hall, which depicted on the banquet stamp, in 1955, was considered to be one of his greatest architectural masterpiece. In order to provide for a flexible, columnless interior, Mies halt the roof from four steel girders maintained in the mid right smart through eight external columns. Crown Hall has been regarded as an immortal contribution to the architecture of Chicago and the world. In 1941, Mies also designed the masterpiece of IIT campus, which was the most remarkable projects he believed and the only person to come close to attaining the whole realization. There are 20 architectural buildings around the old campus, which are the greatest Mies-designed buildings in the world. Hence, IIT campus has become a landmark of Chicago(See Architecture 2011).Similarity DifferenceNot surprisingly, it is transparent from the details provided that there are some similarities and differences between Walter Gropius and Mies attitudes toward the technology and stylish building to the ad hoc group of people. Walter Gropius focuses on low-income workers and he tries to build up the low-cost and comfortable homes for people. Moreover, he considers the cost consumption of materials, the architectures practice, space, sunlight and air circulation. Further, he believes that architecture should express a kind of feelings or theme rather than its extravagant materials consumption and too distinguished surface.It has been discovered that the buildings that Walter Gropius designs are almost the peoples living place and the structures are modernized and fully transparent. The Bauhaus/ International style of architecture hold its ideology functionality, asymmetry and space with lower cost consumptions. This would be fine match with the modern peoples perceptions and demands.However, although Mie van der Rohes architectural style still toward the Modernism, it seems that Mie vans buildings are far more preferable to the metropolitan building such as skyscraper. This is the striking difference between the Mie and Walter Gropius. The Mie van der Rohe has strongly emphasized the details, qualities and aesthetics. For congresswoman, the living rooms and dining rooms give more space and quality. Its use of exterior terraces on both levels is omparable to Le Corbusiers Villa Stein in Garches, France, 1927..Also his architectural buildings normally located on the Campus or the city centres, IITs S. R. Crown Hall is the one case to prove it.Mies architectural theories can build up a big city for one country whereas Walter Gropiuss can establish a comfortable home for people. Maybe this is where the difference is. Still, there remain some similarities between them. First, they both apply modern technology to the building establishment second, no matter Walters the three main themes or Miess God is in the details, they all made the greatest contribution to the human race, to the country, to the modernization. Meanwhile, they hold the common attitude to the modern technology and impart their way of believeing to the next generation.ConclusionAll in concert, this paper discusses the main architectural styles and design philosophies from Walter Gropius and Mie van der Rohe before the second world war. Walter Gropius prefers to the functionality of the building, while Mies is more lik ely to design it in an aesthetic way. They both have the typical masterpieces which located in contrasting places. There are also a lot of research findings about their architectures, designs and attitudes toward the modern technology. Based on these series of comparison and contrast, it has been noted discipline that the situation of architectural development and technology goes to the certain extent that has already reached the contemporary design sham-skyscrapers or the Trten Estate, unfortunately, the conditions of architecture could not meet the requirements of solutions at that time. Nevertheless, their ideas have surpassed all the unavailable conditions and exerted the strong power to push the historical movement.How do minorren envision?How do children learn?How do children learn? Describe and judge demeanourist and cognitivist theories of training, with reference to influential researchers and writers in each field.Child development that occurs from blood line to adulthood was mostly ignored end-to-end much of history. Children were often viewed as small versions of adults rather than individuals and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth. It wasnt until early in the 20th-century that interest was taken in the field of child development. This accordingly tended to focus on abnormal deportment. The following are some of the theorists that specialized at looking at cognitive development these include Piaget, Bruner and Vygotsky. Jean Piaget (1896 1980) was a constructivist whose work has been a major influence both on child development and on learning and education. Piagets view was that from birth to adulthood children pass through a number of several(predicate) stages of cognitive and mental development. As well as this he highlighted that the individual child contend a big role in their own development and learning. He also recognized that the social environment plays a part alongside this. Although recognizing this he did not emphasize it, therefore his work focuses on the individual child impacting his or her own development. Piaget broke his cognitive development in to four divers(prenominal) stages Sensori-motor (birth to around two years), pre-operational (two to around seven years), concrete-operational (seven to around twelve years) and finally formal-operational (twelve years and onwards). As I said above although these stages have ages against them all individuals learn and development at their own rate and so may not hit these stages at the same time as all their peers do. This is something you see in schools and why work needs to be differentiated for the different abilities as they are all learning at their own rate.Piaget also believed that children learn through processes of adaptation which is known as assimilation, accommodation and equilibration. An utilization of assimilation can be that child A establishes the concept of cat s as black. Child A thence progresses to accommodation where the toddler accommodates new information that cats can be different colours. Equilibration is where child A then needs to have this reinforced by further experiences before accommodating this in to their understanding.Schemas are one thing that came out form Piagets work. These are early ideas and concepts based on linked patterns of demeanour and are part of the childrens way of understanding their experiences. Schemas often occur in clusters and dominate a childs play at any one time. For example the idea of transporting, children pull up stakes take time to investigate the different ways in which to move objects, such as using bags, trucks and trolleys.Jerome Bruner (1915) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) built on Piagets theory. They stressed the role of play, talking with adults and interacting with the social world. Piagets view of the child macrocosm a solitary learner is here replaced by that of the child as a socia l creation. Children use their learning skills and knowledge of their own culture, received from adults to develop their ideas and learning that they could not do as a solitary learner. Vygotsky saw children as active organisers of their own lives which concur with Piaget however he extended this to believing that social relationships and interaction with other people where needed to develop intellectually and that knowledge develops through interaction with others (Mistry, M 2009) So where Piaget emphasized the individual learner, Vygotsky is now emphasizing the role of the adults in dowry children learn. From this he identified the zone of proximal development, which is where children show signs about being ready to move on in their own development and learning. Adults then need to intervene and help children to move into the zone of actual development and the musical rhythm goes on. (Smith, M 2006, p117).There are other areas in which theorists have specialized in, one of th em being behaviour. Some of these theorists are Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura and Watson. These theories are part of the transmission model which builds on the thinking of the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704). Transmission theories are less to do with what goes on inside the mind and more to do with what goes on with the external outputs and influences of learning. There are two main components of transmission theory learning theory and social learning theory. This is where those theorists come in so will look at them in more detail. The learning theory is where children learn through experience, this is shown through contourical instruct and operant conditioning. Ivan Pavlovs (1849-1936) work on the behaviour of dogs is an influential example of how the learning theory has developed through the twentieth century. Pavlovs research consisted of conditioning dogs by feeding them when a campana rang or a light shone. This progressed and went on for some time until finally when the bell rang or the light was flashed the dog would automatically salivate. The dogs had been conditioned to this way of thinking. This is something that is reflected in schools today for example when the bell sound at the end of the lesson the children then know that it is then a break time. This is repeated everyday during school and so the children become conditioned in to this way of thinking. These behaviours are continued through life even by teenagers and adults. For example at secondary school when the bell went at the end of a lesson myself and peers would automatically make the move to pack up our things and move to our next lesson or on to break time. Other things that we condition children to do is sit on the rug with their arms and legs crossed. Also to hang their coats up and put their bags away, this becomes and automatic routine for children when they come in to school in the morning.Further development from Classical conditioning is Operant conditioning which psychologi st B. F Skinner worked on. This operant conditioning is more to do with shaping and modifying behaviour rather than creating certain behaviour patterns. Skinner again worked with animals during his research, he gave the dogs food as a reward. The food was used as positive enforcement, if the dog was not to do what Skinner wanted he would vindicate them by giving them electric shocks for example. Doing this repeatedly meant that the bad behaviour the dog presented with soon became eliminated. This works the same way for children, good behaviour is rewarded with stickers or prospering time for example and the bad behaviour would be treated with detentions or telling off, singling out. This then works in the classroom as well, the children learn what behaviour is expected of them and what they will get in return for what they do.Smith, M (2006 p112) says that By selectively reinforcing behaviour that is wanted adults can change the way children discharge. This is called behaviour mo dification.The social learning theory is where children learn through example. This leads on from the Learning theory but also emphasizes that children learn behaviours by observing and imitating adults, especially those that are key to the child. Some of these may include family members and the class teacher or other professionals that the child may work with. It has also been shown that children imitate each other.Albert Bandura (1925-) did an experiment using Bobo dolls. He showed three groups of children a doll being kicked and hit by other children which was then followed by showing a different consequence to the different groups. One of them being told off showing the behaviour was unacceptable, one being praised for what they had done and the last was not shown any consequence. After this they were then put in a room to see how they would react. This then showed Bandura that children would repeat what they had seen. This is seen in schools as well, both positively and negati vely. Having mixed ages in classes or on the playground together means that younger children can look up to the older children and imitate their behaviour. The older children have been in the school longer therefore know how to behave more for example lining up in the playground at the end of lunch, the smaller children can then see this as an example and know what is then expected of them.John Watson (1878-1958) is another theorist that looked at conditioning behaviour. His research consisted of conditioning children to have a fear of a small white rat. He would present the rat alongside with a loud noise or bang which would scare the child. Although this then proved the theory of conditioning children the ethical motive of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the childs fear was never deconditioned. Today in schools both the cognitivist and behaviourist theories are used. Without even knowing it, the teacher and whole school will have conditioned their chi ldren in to their overall daily routine as well as routines they take part I throughout their day. It is also shown in day to day lesson the differentiation that the teacher puts in to them in order for the children to be able to work at their own rate but still be pushed and progress through the work they are doing. Through the school planning and class planning these theories are used in everyday circumstances.1550 wordsPart 2 1500 words To what extent should theories of how children learn influence the way a class teacher plans and teaches lessons? Justify your answer with specific examples from your own experience and your reading.Our education system would not be the same today without the influence of many different theorists. Theorists such as Vygotsky, Pavlov, Piaget, Skinner and many more have influenced our day to day working with young children and people. I believe that theses theories are important and hold vital reasoning behind the way children act and learn throughou t school and play. I myself without knowing will have used some of the techniques used by these theorists in their research for helping the children in my care progress.I think it is important to have knowledge about the theorists and to implement them to a certain degree in everyday teaching. For example Vygotskys theory Zone of proximal development, the teachers need to be aware of the levels of cognitive development in the group in order to know the right measuring rod of scaffholding to give to the children. Teachers also need to work out strategies and provide tools for the children to realise and scaffhold themselves to move on to the next level. This development can be shown with differentiation in the classroom.In a school I have recently worked in they used this technique of allowing the children to recognize what level they are at and where they need to be working. Although the children were differentiated in to ability groups the children were given the opportunity to ch oose at what level they worked at for some of the activities. The Zone of proximal development kicked in when the child then felt ready to move on. The teacher would have extension work for all groups, lower groups were given the next levels work and the higher ability group would be given further extension work to better themselves. This is a reflection of Vygotskys theory allowing the children to have a choice and encouraged to quarrel themselves, which they would often do willingly.Scaffholding which I have mentioned above is a term used by Bruner. Using this in the classroom may consist of providing clear and realistic goals, providing examples for the children to see on the board, making the task in to manageable chunks and also aiding the children with any parts that may cause frustration. An example of this might be when a parent helps an infant clap or roll his hands to the Pat-a-Cake rhyme, until he can clap and roll his hands himself. (webpage 2 bibliography)This I have a lso seen in a school before where the teacher would demonstrate the lesson before hand on the board. A clear I can literary argument was also put on the board for all the children to see the objective for the lesson, this was then copied down as the title for that days work which meant they could easily see if they had met their target or not. If at any time the majority of children or a large group of children were finding a specific task laborious the class teacher would stop the whole class or ask those finding it too challenging to come to the front and work through it together before going back to tackle it individually again.In one school I have worked in they grouped all their foundation subjects and comprehension into one, calling it Topic. This covered all the subjects well and although the whole class did this together without differentiated tasks the children would be learning and building on their knowledge at different rates. For example if the topic was space there may be children that are coming in to the work with a lot more background knowledge than those of others. In this case they are able to help those that need it and guide them to gaining more knowledge themselves. This shows and highlights that all children learn at their own rate as they can take in and hold different amounts of information. This reflecting the theory of Piaget where he states that children learn differently and at their own pace.I feel the most used theory is the reward system within the classroom and whole school. This is something that I have seen used in every school I have been in to and is a development from Skinners theory. His theory was to reward dogs for good behaviour and punish them for behaviour that he did not want. This is used in every school to a certain degree. For good behaviour in school you could give the children stickers, golden time or person of the week. As well as this for bad behaviour certain sanctions could be put in place for example ex tra work, missing of break times, informing parents, loss of privileges and even exclusion if it comes to that.The school I have recently worked in had a sticker reward system where the children gained them for good behaviour, good work and excelling in extra duties or work. This sticker was then ticked off in their work and put up on a class sticker board of one hundred. When they have filled this up they get a reward of an extra fifteen minute break time, they then start another hundred square and after that get another class reward. Therefore instead of individuals getting the rewards they are working as a group to progress and get them. They have certain sanctions for punishment put in to place as well. (Appendix 1) Although reward systems are widely used in schools There is a debate about the appropriateness of rewarding good behaviour with stickers or small treats since it could be assumed that good behaviour is the norm. (Jacques, K 2007 p127)Pavlovs original Classical condit ioning of getting the dog to salivate awaiting food when the bell rang or the light flashed is still seen in schools today. Examples of this would be that when the bell rang at intervals during the school day the children recognize that it represents the end of a lesson ready for break time or that it is even home time. When this happens the children begin moving about anticipating the teacher saying you may go out. Another example of this is when you ask the children to come and sit on the carpet they will go and sit with their arms folded and their legs crossed. This is because at a young age when in nursery or reception this is the foreboding therefore the children have been conditioned in such a way to continue showing this behaviour. This was something I have done myself even up to the ages of 14 or 15 at secondary school when we had assemblies where we had to sit on the floor, we would all sit still with our legs crossed. I think this benefits a lot of children having a routi ne that they do most days and having expectations of behaviour given to them by the class teacher and school. However some of these are not always skilful for when they get to an older age for example during school many children will be asked to be quiet and work quietly and then when they are asked unexpectantly to divvy up with people and feedback to a group they do not have the confidence or the ability to do so well as this is something they are not used to doing. I think this is even shown at our age in University seminars that I take part in now as you can see the students that have the better ability at speaking in front of others. Having said this at schools now I feel that they are taking benefit of the use of talking partners and group discussions to help involve all students in speaking in public and in front of their peers.In conclusion I feel that there are advantages and disadvantages of taking on board the different theories and using them in everyday practice. I h ave seen in many schools implications of the theories being used. Although all these are very beneficial and aid in how the school day runs and the flow of the day there are a few disadvantages to think about. One being the fact that children are conditioned for certain things that may not help them in later life, as I have verbalise above that we condition children in being quiet a lot of the time while working, this can influence their ability in older life to not feeling confident enough to talk in front of others. This is something that I can speak of from experience. However after taking all this in to consideration I feel that the theories do help to improve the working environment in different settings. I think the theories are very concrete with working in todays school environment.

Baldwins view of Nation of Islam in Down on the Cross Essay -- James

Superficial PowerThe Nation of Islam emerged as a very unchewable organization during the 1960s. One of the Nation?s key goals was to create an independent Black America. It further preached about the White man as the devil, thus instill faith within its followers that White society will be decimated, and Black society will prevail. Through these powerful messages, the Nation of Islam gave African-Americans a lay claim to divinity and created the notion of Black supremacy. However, in causeing to cement these ideas, the Nation of Islam?s message became extreme to the point of absurdity. While James Baldwin expounds on this irrationality in ?Down at the Cross?, he also understands and agrees with the underlying motivation behind the Nation?s absurd claims. According to the FBI files on the Nation of Islam, virtuoso of its principles was to ?separate the black man from the devil through the establishment of a black nation? (FBI). Many publications propounded on this philos ophy. For example, Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, wrote in pith to the Blackman in America, ?it is far more important to teach separation of the Blacks and Whites in America than prayer? (Book Summary). According to Elijah Muhammad, integration and intermarriage between Blacks and Whites are an attempt by Whites to confuse Blacks, keep them enslaved, and prevent them from learning Nation of Islams teachings. Furthermore, Blacks who assimilate into mainstream culture were regarded by the Nation of Islam as ?disgraceful Uncle Toms? (FBI) who simply seek to transport their ?slave-masters? children? (FBI). Granted, these statements are coming from FBI files which clearly did not support the NOI movement, but the message that the Nat... ...s to nothing less than the perpetual achievement of the impossible? (346). Thus creating a tender foundation for Black society, upon which hatred for other races will be justified, does nothing but stunt its ability to ach ieve its rightful spot in Hesperian society.Works CitedBaldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Book Summary ? Message to the Black Man in America. 8 swear out 2004. http//home.att.net/phosphor/week1a/message.htmlClark, Micheal. Rise in Racial Extremism Worries Harlem Leaders. New York Times 25 Jan. 1960 1+.Federal Bureau of Investigation. Elijah Muhammad. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 8 March 2004. http//foia.fbi.gov/muhammad.htmFineman, Howard and Vern E. Smith. ?An Angry ? cheat??. Newsweek. 30 Oct 1995 35.

Stock Market :: essays research papers

Stock Market Crash of 1929The day the stock market place clangored, October twenty-ninth, 1929, is now known in infamy as Black Tuesday. The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929 by Harold Bierman Jr. says that there were many events that led up to the Stock Market Crash. On October 24th, 1929, the stock market fell 9% during the day, which was a huge sight back in that time when a lot of people had money invested in the Stock Market. After this decline there was a selling alarm, as everyone wanted to get his or her money out of the stock market. Bierman concludes that the stock prices were too high in October of 29 and that a crash in the market was bound to happen. The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929 by Harold Bierman Jr. reviews a sm alone set of possible causes for the crash and reaches specific conclusions about the events that led to the biggest stock market crash in history. The 29th of October will always be known as Black Tuesday but it was not the only day the stock market stru ggled. The refreshing York Times of October 4th headed a page one article Years Worst Break Hits Stock Market, but almost all reported business news was still very optimistic. On October 23rd the market declined by four billion dollars and if the events of the 29th did not happen thus the 23rd would have gone done in history as the major stock market event. The events of the 23rd were dwarfed by the proceedings of the morning of the 29th when it was said that within a few hours of the stock market being open that day, the prices had fallen so low that they wiped out all of the gains that have been make in the entire previous year. Since the stock market was viewed as an indicator of the American economy, the publics confidence in the economy was shattered.